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AMERI
MEMOIRS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOCICAL SOCIETY
NUMBER 27
A REVISION OF THE
NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE
TRIBE PARYDRINI
(DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE)
BY
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN
AND
EDWIN F. COOK
This pi
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA
1971
MEMOIRS
OF THE
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
NUMBER 27
A REVISION OF THE
NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE
TRIBE PARYDRINI
(DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE)
BY
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN
AND
EDWIN F. COOK
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA
1971
TTTTT^^P^^l
Selwyn S. Roback
Editor
(Issued JjJirf JO, JjngTj )
APR 21 1971
Printed in the United States of America
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3
METHODS 4
BIOLOGY 5
ADULT MORPHOLOGY 8
Head 9
Thorax 14
Abdomen 18
TAXONOMY 20
Key to the Nearctic Parydra and Related Genera 20
GENUS Parydra Stenhammar 20
Key to the Species of the Genus Parydra 24
Subgenus Parydra Stenhammar 30
Subgenus Chaetoapnaea Hendel 65
GENUS Callinapaea Sturtevant and Wheeler 101
Key to the Nearctic Species of the Genus Callinapaea .... 102
GENUS Eutaenionotum Oldenberg 106
GENUS Rhinonapaea Wirth 109
LITERATURE CITED 112
FIGURES 117
INDEX 150
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
Memoirs
of THE
American Entomological Society
Number 27
A revision of the nearctic species of the
TRIBE PARYDRINI (DIPTERA: ephydridae) *■ 2
BY
Philip J. Clausen
and
Edwin F. Cook
Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
Introduction
Flies of the genus Parydra Stenhammar are rather humpbacked,
acalyptrate Diptera belonging to the family Ephydridae or shore
flies. The name Parydra is probably the result of an error in trans-
literation of the Greek word napvSpos (nap = par = by, near, be-
side; and vSpos, masculine = hydra = water) and should have been
spelled Parhydra. Nevertheless, the name Parydra, as it was origin-
ally spelled, is the name we must use.
The genus is world-wide in distribution and some species are
apparently widely distributed. Little is known of the biology of either
X A modification of a dissertation by the senior author submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
2 Paper No. 7168, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
2 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
the immatures or adults. As the name Parydra indicates, they are
found on muddy shores where both adults and larvae may feed on
algae. None are of any known economic importance.
The classification of Ephydridae has been considered from the
early 1900's to 1949 in a multitude of papers by E. T. Cresson, Jr.
and by Sturtevant and Wheeler in a 1954 paper. However, Wirth
(1965a) indicates that more work is necessary in the subfamily
Parydrinae and especially within the genus Parydra.
Initially, Dr. Willis W. Wirth suggested that a comparative mor-
phological study of the copulatory apparatus of selected nearctic
species of the subfamily Parydrinae would contribute toward a better
understanding of the group. After the senior author conducted this
suggested study, it was apparent that a number of genera, including
Parydra, seriously needed revision. It was also discovered that male
genitalia offered excellent characters for species separation.
Many of the difficulties encountered with Parydra seem to result
from inadequate descriptions coupled with a lack of illustrations.
Also, the adult morphology has never been discussed in detail and,
as a result, the terminology has not been consistent. Intra-specific
variation in characters has not been given enough consideration, and
genitalic characters have been neglected. In consideration of these
shortcomings, a revisional study of the nearctic species of the genus
Parydra follows with sections on biology, adult morphology, and tax-
onomy. This study also includes three genera in addition to Parydra
since the species within these genera were once placed in Parydra and
certainly appear to be related to it. Parydra and these genera would
all be placed within the tribe Parydrini as listed by Wirth (1965b).
The taxonomic section contains keys to all genera, subgenera,
species and subspecies described herein. Thirteen new species and
one subspecies are described, while the existing nearctic species and
subspecies are redescribed. Reference citations for all synonomies are
provided except for catalogues and species lists. Illustrations of scutelli,
and abdomens and genitalia of both sexes are provided in addition to
wing pictures and distribution maps for most species.
A total of 8,996 specimens were examined during the course of
this study. Most specimens were borrowed from museums, institu-
tions, and universities but many were collected locally.
It should be understood that all nomenclatorial changes involved
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 3
in this paper are the sole responsibility of Clausen (not Clausen and
Cook).
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Willis W. Wirth of the
United States National Museum for suggesting a study of Parydra,
and the senior author is most grateful to Dr. Michael G. Emsley
formerly of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr.
Howard E. Evans of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har-
vard; Dr. Willis W.JYirth, Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky, Mr. George C.
Steyskal, and Dr. Allen Stone at the U.S. National Museum; and their
staff for kindness and assistance provided during my visit to their
institutions to examine types.
For the generous loan of specimens, we offer our sincerest ap-
preciation to Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci-
ences; Dr. Warren T. Atyeo, University of Nebraska; Dr. G. E. Ball,
University of Alberta; Dr. Edward U. Balsbaugh, Jr., South Dakota
State University; Dr. W. F. Barr, University of Idaho; Dr. George W.
Byers and Dr. Martin G. Naumann, University of Kansas; Dr. Brian
H. Cogan, British Museum (Natural History) ; Dr. Howard E. Evans,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Dr. Roland L.
Fischer, Michigan State University; Dr. Saul Frommer, University of
California, Riverside; Dr. Leonara K. Gloyd, Illinois State Natural
History Survey; the late Dr. Harold J. Grant, Jr. and Dr. Michael G.
Emsley, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr. Wilford
J. Hanson, Utah State University; Dr. Karl-Johan Hedquist and Dr.
Per Inge Person, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm; Dr.
Charles L. Hogue, Los Angeles County Museum; Dr. Paul D. Hurd,
Jr. and Dr. Jerry A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley; Dr.
M. T. James, Washington State University; Dr. Jean L. Laffoon, Iowa
State University; Dr. John D. Lattin, Oregon State University; Dr.
Norman Marston, Kansas State University; Dr. Thomas E. Moore,
University of Michigan; Dr. L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University; Dr.
Donald K. Scharff, Montana State University; Dr. H. Schumann,
Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin; Dr. R. D. Shenefelt, University of
Wisconsin; Dr. G. E. Shewell, Entomology Research Institute, Can-
ada Dept. of Ag., Ottawa; Dr. Marion C. Smith, University of Mas-
sachusetts; Dr. Charles A. Triplehorn, Ohio State University; Dr. V.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27
4 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
R. Vickery, Macdonald College, Quebec; Dr. George E. Wallace, Car-
negie Museum; Dr. Marshall R. Wheeler, University of Texas; Dr.
Willis W. Wirth and Dr. Donald R. Davis, United States National
Museum; and Dr. P. Wygodzinsky, American Museum of Natural
History.
Finally, the senior author wants to thank his wife, Lynette, and
his sons for their help, encouragement, and patience during the prep-
aration of this manuscript.
Methods
All characters used by previous workers and a multitude of addi-
tional characters were recorded on data sheets. The final data sheets,
upon which the characters for each species were to be recorded, were
12 pages long. The first two pages provided space for recording the
species name, types, type data, references to descriptions, notes on
illustrations made, and biological data. On page 3, space was pro-
vided for recording a number of measurements for the head, thorax,
legs, wings, and abdomen of the type, 4 males, and 4 females. Space
for wing vein ratios was provided on page 4. Pages 4-12 included a
list of all of the characters of probable importance for the head,
thorax, legs, abdomen, and wings with space provided to record the
details of these characters for the type, 4 males, and 4 females.
Attached to the data sheet were sheets upon which all of the locality
data, sex, number, collector, and date was listed for each specimen of
that species which was examined. From these data sheets it was pos-
sible to determine the amount of variation present for each character
listed.
Adult specimens were borrowed from numerous institutions and
some were collected in the field, and these specimens were then studied
and separated into species groups, primarily on the basis of external
characters. If any difficulties were encountered in identification, male
and female abdomens and genitalia were examined in detail.
Since almost all of the specimens for which the abdomens and
genitalia were examined were pinned or point-mounted, it was neces-
sary to relax the specimens prior to removing the abdomen to prevent
damage. Specimens were relaxed by sealing them for several hours
in an airtight container with moist cotton treated with carbolic acid.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 5
When the specimens were relaxed, the abdomens were removed from
the thoraces using fine, jeweler's forceps. The abdomens were then
placed in small beakers containing a warm 10% solution of KOH
for several minutes to dissolve the internal tissues. Abdomens were
then transferred to distilled water where they were rinsed, and tracheae
and gut contents were removed. The cuticle of many species was
very dark and internal morphological details were often obscured.
Consequently, the very dark abdomens were placed, for several sec-
onds, in beakers containing warm 30% hydrogen peroxide. When
sufficiently cleared, they were rinsed in distilled water and then placed
in 95% ethyl alcohol to remove bubbles. Next, they were transferred
to glycerin-filled, depression slides for examination and further
dissection.
In studying the general morphology, entire specimens, except
wings, were cleared in the above manner.
Any necessary illustrations were made while the specimens were
in glycerin. Gross drawings were made first and then further dissec-
tions were made where necessary. In females, the ventral receptacle
was carefully removed from the abdomen and illustrated while in
males the copulatory apparatus was removed and drawn. All draw-
ings were made using a stereo dissecting microscope fitted with an
ocular grid and heavy, tracing vellum with a grid paper beneath. All
setae of no apparent value were omitted from the abdominal and
genitalic illustrations.
After examination and illustration, all dissected parts were placed
in a microvial and returned to the pin which supported the remainder
of the insect and data labels.
Wings were photographed under a compound microscope, fitted
with a single-lens reflex camera. The wing was removed from the
specimen, placed on a microscope slide, when necessary wetted with
water and unrolled, covered with a coverslip, photographed, dried,
and cemented to a point which was placed on the pin with the re-
mainder of the insect from which it was taken.
Biology
The biology of a few Ephydrids is well known, especially those
species found in rather unusual habitats. For example, the biology
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
6 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
of Ephydrids which inhabit saline or alkaline lakes, those found in
hot springs, some leaf-mining species, and of Helaeomyia petroli
(Coquillett), which is found in crude oil pools, is well documented.
However, very little is known of the biology of most Ephydrids and
especially those of the genus Parydra.
Nielson, Ringdahl, and Tuxen (1954) illustrate the larva of
Parydra pusilla Meigen and mention that it is found in moist places
such as bogs, rivulets, hot springs, and swamps. Dahl (1959) in-
cludes a discussion of a number of Scandinavian Parydra (Napaea
as he considers it) but mentions only the type of substrate upon which
each species is found. Deonier (1965) apparently followed Dahl's
work and includes a number of species of Parydra for which he lists
the percent presence and estimated abundance for each species on a
number of substrates. In general, he found many species to be most
abundant on the limnic wrack, mud shore, and sand shore habitats.
Throughout these studies, the senior author has attempted to col-
lect Parydra around swamps, ponds and lakes. He has had little suc-
cess in these habitats and only an occasional specimen can be cap-
tured. However, when one collects along streams or rivers, specimens
of many species can be captured in great numbers. Consequently, it
is believed that Parydra are generally stream-inhabiting forms, but
Dahl (1959) and Deonier (1965) both fail to mention this.
The adults can most commonly be observed on moist muddy sur-
faces near or at stream margins. They prefer warm, sunny areas
which are sheltered from the wind. Their movements while walking
are slow and they appear to be reluctant to fly. If they do fly, it is
only for short distances, and in flight they remain very close to the
surface of the mud or water. Adults may often be seen walking on
the water for short distances. They appear to graze the surface of
the mud where they probably obtain algae as food. Thus far, we
have been unsuccessful in determining what algae are included in
the diet.
An examination of gut contents is of little help since any algae
contained therein are so badly damaged that they are unidentifiable.
However, evidence does indicate that they feed on algae. Tuxen
(1944) illustrates the pseudotracheae of Scatella thermarum Collin
and discusses the function of the pseudotracheae in scraping several
species of algae from rocks for food. Zavattari (1921) pictures the
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 7
pseudotracheae of Ephydra bivittata Loew and mentions its eating a
species of algae. Ephydra subopaca Loew consumes algae as its
major dietary constituent (Ping, 1921). Dahl (1959) and Deonier
(1965) both present detailed discussions of the habitats upon which
Parydra are found and they mention the fact that these habitats are
rich in various algal species. Since Parydra have pseudotracheae
much like those of algal feeding Ephydrids and they are abundant on
algal rich substrates, it appears likely that their diet consists of living
or dead algae.
The senior author has observed several matings but has never seen
any courtship or display performances. Males frequently pounce
upon females or other males, apparently in an attempt to mate. When
a male finds a receptive female, she spreads her wings. The male
often taps or rubs her abdomen with his metathoracic tarsi and copu-
lation ensues. During mating, the male perches on the thorax and
abdomen of the female, but slightly behind the wing bases of the female.
When the females of any of several species are confined to vials
with about 1 centimeter of stream mud on the bottom, eggs are occa-
sionally laid. The eggs are always placed on the side of the vial, about
1 centimeter or more above the surface of the mud. They are white
and embedded in a cream-colored, granulose matrix. All the eggs
in the cluster are parallel and identically oriented so that all larvae
emerge on the same side of the egg mass. Parydra aquila aquila and
P. quadrituberculata produce clusters of 1 to 8 eggs while P. brevi-
ceps and P. parasocia deposit them in clusters of 1 to 3 eggs. The
eggs of the former species are about 0.8 mm long and those of the
latter are about 0.6 mm long.
In the field, eggs are usually found on rocks along stream margins
(Fig. 222), but where there are no rocks they may be found on fallen
tree leaves and branches. Whether placed on rocks, leaves, or
branches, they are always above the level of the moist substrate.
While walking along a stream, one can easily spot the tiny, white, egg
masses which are very conspicuous against their darker backgrounds.
The eggs usually hatch in 2 or 3 days but all attempts to rear the
larvae failed. However, there are probably three larval instars with
pupation occuring within the last larval skin, as is the case with other
Ephydrids and higher Diptera.
The tiny first instar larvae of P. quadrituberculata are white and
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
8 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
covered with reddish-brown setae. Anteriorly, long mouth hooks are
apparent while two, short, spiracular horns are conspicuous posterior-
ly. The mouth hooks are separate and untoothed, and the spiracular
horns are bare except for an apical ring of setae around the spiracular
plate. In general, they are very similar to the larvae of P. pusilla as
illustrated by Neilson, Ringdahl, and Tuxen (1954).
Adult Morphology
Most papers dealing with Ephydrid taxonomy fail to present any
discussion on morphology except that included in the descriptions of
taxa. The few publications with discussions on external morphology
fall short of covering all aspects in detail. Zavattari (1921) presents
numerous illustrations of internal and external morphology of all
stages of Ephydra bivittata Loew. However, Zavattari's drawings are
rather crude, his terminology is primitive, and he fails to include
adult chaetotaxy. Tuxen (1944) illustrates the head, mouthparts,
wings, portions of legs, and male genitalia of several species of Sca-
tella, but he fails to label drawings and his morphological discussion
lacks detail. In 1959, Dahl includes some morphology on the head,
mouthparts, legs, and male and female abdomens of many Ephydrids.
He also presents limited illustrations on the chaetotaxy of the head
and thorax of a generalized Ephydrid. Nevertheless, Dahl's illustra-
tions are diagrammatic, he fails to illustrate male abdomens or geni-
talia, and his discussions lack detail. Deonier (1964) illustrates
Ephydra riparia, labeling most of the significant setae of the head
and thorax, and naming most of the pleural sclerites of the thorax.
A number of authors have considered certain morphological areas
of a few selected species of Ephydrids in detail. Peterson (1916) in-
cludes drawings and discussion on the head and mouthparts of
Ochthera mantis and Frey (1921) discussed the mouthparts of sev-
eral species of Ephydridae. Strickland (1953) describes the ptilinal
armature of four species of Ephydrids. Becker (1896 & 1926) and
Griinberg (1910) illustrates the heads, wings and thoracic chaetotaxy
of a number of species; Young ( 1921 ) included an illustration of the
lateral aspect of the thorax and preabdomen of Parydra limpidipen-
nis; Curran (1934) contains many drawings of heads and wings of
many species; and Cresson (1934) illustrates the heads, wings, and
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 9
scutelli of several species of Beckeriella. Seguy (1934) included
some drawings of heads, mouthparts, thoracic chaetotaxy, and many
wing pictures. Cole (1927) illustrated and described the genitalia
of several species of Ephydrids. Collin (1930) illustrated the tergite
9 + surstyli of three species of Scatella and used the differences as
characters for separating the three species. Bolwig (1940) illustrated
the internal and external reproductive organs of Scatophila unicornis
but the drawings were crude. Later Wirth (1948 and 1964) and
Frey (1958) illustrated portions of the genitalia and used them in
separating species of several genera of Ephydrids. Grigarick (1959)
illustrates male and female abdomens, wings, and setal placement on
the thoracic dorsum of Hydrellia griseola but gives no morphological
discussion.
In view of the absence of detailed morphological studies on
Ephydrids, a detailed study of Parydra quadrituberculata Loew will
follow. It is hoped that this discussion will not only be useful in the
included revision of the genus Parydra but also to taxonomists work-
ing on other Ephydrids.
It should be mentioned that the morphological terms contained
herein are primarily those of Crampton (1942) and Kim and Cook
(1966). Commonly used taxonomic terms are placed in parentheses
after the morphological term.
Sexual dimorphism is very slight except for differences in the
postabdominal structure, and in one species of each of the genera
Parydra and Callinapaea where there is a difference in setal density
on the mesofemur.
Head (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8)
The head capsule of Parydra, Callinapaea, Eutaenionotum, and
Rhinonapaea is basically spheroidal, but compressed in the cervical
region and truncate at the oral margin. Anteriorly the head capsule
consists almost entirely of the frons (Fig. 6) which is divided above
the antennae by the ptilinal suture into the upper area or postfrons
(front) and the lower area or prefrons (face).
The postfrons may be subdivided into two areas, the orbit and
the front. The orbit is the narrow strip along the anterodorsal mar-
gin of the eyes and the front is the area between the two orbits (Figs.
3 and 6). One distinct row of small to large setae is borne on the
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
i_mnn»uoiu.illj JJ I UTH"mT"*PlPWPPW
10 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
orbit near the margin of the compound eye and these are collectively
called the orbital setae (orbitals or fronto-orbitals). Several indis-
tinct rows of small setae are borne on the front near the orbital mar-
gins and are called the frontal setae. Within the front lies an area
known as the frontalia or frontal vitta which is poorly defined in
Parydra and can most readily be noticed by color differences in the
pruinosity of the frontalia and surrounding areas. The dorsal-most
portion of the head is often called the vertex, and the vertex bears
two pair of setae, the inner vertical setae and outer vertical setae
(Fig. 3). Three ocelli are located on a raised area or tubercule on
the vertex which may be called the vertical triangle or ocellar tri-
angle. Several sets of setae are located on the ocellar triangle: an
anterior pair of large ocellar setae, 1 or 2 pairs of interocellar setae,
and several pairs of postocellar setae (Fig. 3).
The ptilinal suture is the only anterior suture and extends from
above the antennal bases to a point below the compound eye (Fig.
1). As several workers have mentioned (Crampton 1942, Ferris
1950, and Kim and Cook 1966), the ptilinal suture is not the frontal
suture of lower insects as used by Peterson (1916).
The prefrons (face) is very large and prominent. On the pre-
frons, between the antennal foramina and the ptilinal suture, is a very
narrow sclerite of questionable origin known as the frontal lunule.
Between and slightly below the antennal foramina is the facial carina
(facial protuberance used herein) which is not a keel or ridge in
Parydra, Callinapaea, Eutaenionotum or Rhinonapaea as the name
implies, but is reduced to a small rounded protuberance. Below the
antennal foramina and on each side of the facial carina (facial pro-
tuberance) are slight concavities, the facial cavities, in which the
antennae often rest. A slight ridge is located along the lateral mar-
gins of the prefrons, below the facial cavities. On each of these
ridges (Figs. 1 and 6) there is a row of setae with the dorsal setae
usually being the largest. At this point we encounter problems in
naming the ridge and the setal row. One of the characters listed for
the family Ephydridae is the absence of distinct oral vibrissae, and
with this we must agree since there is no vibrissal angle. Cresson
( 1 949 ) considers the above mentioned setal row as being on the f aci-
alia which is a term considered by Crampton (1942) as synonomous
with facial ridge. If we consider the ridge as the facial ridge, the
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 1 1
setae borne thereon become vibrissae by definition. More recently
Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) and Wirth (1965a) consider the setae
as facial setae. The senior author does not fully approve of this term
because it gives no indication as to the location of these setae on the
face, and many Ephydrids have setae placed elsewhere on the pre-
frons. The term parafacial setae seems to be more descriptive, but
the parafacial area by definition (Crampton, 1942) lies between the
ptilinal suture and the compound eye, not on the facial side of the
ptilinal suture. However, it seems possible that these setae are in
fact the parafacials and the prefrons has expanded to encompass
them. This seems especially likely since the prefrons is very large in
Parydra and many other Ephydrids. The opening of the anterior
tentorial pit is not apparent externally but is located below the gena,
near the lateral-most extensions of the prefrons (Fig. 1).
The area below the eye and above the posterior extension of the
prefrons is the gena and may be subdivided into 3 areas, the supra-,
infra-, and subgena. These areas are not at all well defined in Pary-
dra but the infragena is marked by the location of the large, anterior-
projecting, infragenal seta (Fig. 1).
The antennae (Figs. 1, 3 and 6) are each composed of 3 large
basal segments and an arista which appears to have 2 segments. The
first segment, the scape, is very narrow and ring-like. The pedicel,
which is the second segment, is much larger than the first and some-
what conical in shape. Apically, the pedicel bears a large dorsal seta
and several large ventral setae. The third segment, the flagellum
(postpedical of Frey, 1921) is larger than the second and spheroidal.
Dorsolaterally, the flagellum bears the arista. The arista consists of a
small, short, ring-like, basal segment and a long, flagellate, terminal
segment which is bare to slightly plumose.
Posteriorly, the head capsule is composed of a median sclerite,
the occiput, which extends dorsally from the occipital foramen to the
vertex and laterally to the premandibular suture. The premandibular
suture runs vertically from the occipital foramen to a point near the
vertex where it angles outward towards the compound eyes. The
large area lateral to the premandibular suture, extending laterally to
the eyes and ventrally to the posterior tentorial pits, is called the
postgena. The postoccipital suture (postoccipital sulcus of Snod-
grass, 1960) circles the occipital foramen dorsally and joins to the
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
in . inuoi ixiii J J _j I u V U U 1 I ^fffWWiPP
12 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
posterior tentorial pits laterally. The suture has a sharp dorsomedial
peak which projects into the occiput. The posterior tentorial pits are
very long and narrow, and extend obliquely from the occipital fora-
men towards the posterior-lateral margins of the head capsule. A
small cervical condyle (Bonhag, 1951) is located on each side of the
occipital foramen between the premandibular and postoccipital
sutures. The hypostomal bridge (Snodgrass, 1935 and Bonhag 1951
equals the maxillary segment of Ferris, 1950 and Hoyt, 1952) con-
nects the postgenae below the occipital foramen. The setae on the
posterior of the head capsule are very small. There is a dense cluster
of setae on the base of the occiput, just above the postoccipital suture
on each side of the peak, which are the occipital setae (Ferris, 1950).
A number of postorbital setae may be found on the postgena.
The mouthparts are a large and conspicuous portion of the head
of Parydra, and they are basically of the nonpiercing muscoid form.
The mouthparts or proboscis may be subdivided into three parts; the
basiproboscis or rostrum, the medioproboscis or haustellum, and the
distiproboscis consisting of the labial palpi or labella.
The basiproboscis is composed of the clypeus, fulcrum, maxillary
palpi, cardo-stipital rods, maxillary endite, and the labrum (Figs. 1
and 8). The clypeus (tormae of Peterson, 1916) is a large, narrow
sclerite which extends anteriorly and laterally around the oral margin
of the head capsule, and is often partially withdrawn into the oral
margin of the head capsule. The clypeus is attached by a membrane
to the dorsal prefrons and ventral labrum. Posteriorly, the clypeus is
fused to the fulcrum. The fulcrum (Figs. 1 and 8) of Parydra is
an intricate internal sclerite which is mostly contained within the head
capsule, but distally articulates with the proximal labial plate and the
labrum. The maxillae of Parydra are very reduced. The maxillary
palpi are present and long with one large subapical seta, and numer-
ous other long and short setae. The base of the palpus is very nar-
row and pointed, and it seems to be associated with the Y-shaped,
cardo-stipital rod or cardo-stipes (Hoyt, 1952) (Fig. 1). Fused to
the anteroventral branch of the Y-shaped cardo-stipital rod is an
elongate lobe which may be either the galea or lacinia. It is impos-
sible to determine whether the lobe is the galea or lacinia but since
it is definitely an endite lobe of the maxilla, we prefer to consider it
as the maxillary endite (Hoyt, 1952 and Matsuda, 1965 = maxil-
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 13
lary lobe of Ferris, 1950). The base of the labrum articulates with
the anterodistal lobe of the fulcrum. The labrum is basically tri-
angular in shape, often with a pointed apex and bearing variously
placed round sensillae (Fig. 1). The labrum forms the anterior or
dorsal cover for the food channel as the epipharynx is formed by the
sclerotized inner surface of the labrum. The oral opening is at the
base of the labrum. The mandibles are absent in Parydra.
The medioproboscis consists only of the sclerites of the labium,
excluding the labial palpal segments. The sclerites of the medio-
proboscis are the proximal labial plate, labial lonchus, anterior labial
plate, and prementum (Figs. 1 and 8). The proximal labial plate is
a small, ellipsoidal sclerite which connects the fulcrum and the an-
terior labial plate. On the anterior surface and near the base of the
anterior labial plate is a small triangular sclerite, the labial lonchus
(Hoyt, 1952) called the hypopharynx by Peterson (1916), Frey
(1921), Snodgrass (1935), and Crampton (1942). Ferris (1950)
called it the salivary stylet, and Matsuda (1965) called it the hypo-
pharyngeal stylet. Beneath the labial lonchus and attached basally
to the proximal labial plate is a long, trough-shaped sclerite known
as the anterior labial plate (Hoyt, 1952). At the apex of the anterior
labial plate are two small, lateral sclerites of the distiproboscis known
as the labial sclerites (labial sclerite of Kim and Cook, 1966). The
posterior of the mediproboscis is enclosed by a very large, hemispheri-
cal sclerite known as the prementum by Hoyt (1952) who indicates
that the mentum is lost. The prementum of Parydra is covered with
numerous small setae (Fig. 1).
The distiproboscis is composed of the labial sclerites, 2 labial
palpal segments, and the pseudotrachaea (Figs. 1 and 8). The
labial sclerites are very small and connect the anterior labial plate
with labial palpal sclerite 2. Hoyt (1952) considers these labial
sclerites as fragments of the labial palpal segment 1. Labial palpal
segment 1 may consist of either a single large sclerite which extends
around the posterior of the proboscis or two lateral sclerites with a
narrow suture on the midline of the posterior of the proboscis. Labial
palpal segment 2 is divided into two lateral fragments which bear the
pseudotracheae. Crampton (1942), Hoyt (1952), and Kim and
Cook (1966) consider these segments as labial palpal segments 1
and 2, but Peterson (1916), Frey (1921), and Matsuda (1965)
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
14 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
consider them as the furca and epifurca respectively. The pseudo-
tracheae are borne on labial palpal segment 2 and are very complex
structurally. Ephydrid pseudotracheae have been illustrated by
Peterson (1916), Frey (1921), Zavattari (1921) and Tuxen
(1944). The thickenings of the pseudotracheae are very long and
appear to be similar to those illustrated by Tuxen (1944) with a
hair-like process near the tip but no apical spines. Tuxen called the
thickenings "scrapers".
The head is attached to the thorax by means of two triangular
sclerites, the cervical sclerites (Figs. 1, 3 and 6), which articulate
anteriorly to the cervical condyles of the head capsule and posteriorly
to pre-episternum I of the thorax. Though the cervical sclerites are
believed to be of prothoracic origin, we have discussed them in con-
nection with the head because they have been so illustrated in the
plates.
Thorax (Figs. 2, 4 and 5)
The terminology used here follows that of Ferris (1940 and
1950), Matsuda (1960) and Kim and Cook (1966). As in Diptera
in general, the prothorax and metathorax are greatly reduced in
Parydra, Callinapaea, Eutaenionotum and Rhinonapaea, and the
mesothorax with the powerful flight muscles constitutes the bulk of
the thorax. The only sclerites of the prothorax that can be recog-
nized are the pre-episternum, humerus, and katepisternum. The
pre-episternum is a narrow sclerite surrounding the anterior thoracic
foramen, and the humerus or humeral callus is found on each side
of the prescutum anterior to the mesothoracic spiracle. A number
of small setae are found on the humerus. The katepisternum is a
triangular sclerite located between the coxa and the midventral line.
The two katepisternal sclerites meet along the midventral line, and in
P. quadrituberculata each bears a large curved spine, the katepister-
nal spine, on the margin adjacent to the coxa (Fig. 5). The mid-
ventral line may indicate the point of invagination of the sternal
sclerites (Kim and Cook, 1966).
The mesothorax may be divided into a dorsal area, the mesono-
tum, and a pleural area, the mesopleuron. The mesonotum covers
most of the dorsal surface of the thorax and may be divided into four
regions: the prescutum, scutum, scutellum, laterotergite (meta-
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 15
pleuron), and mediotergite ( postscutellum ) (Figs. 2 and 4). The
prescutum is bounded anteriorly by the prescutal suture, laterally by
the notopleural or dorso-pleural suture, and posteriorly by the incom-
plete intrascutal suture. On each side of the prescutum, there is a
cluster of small posthumeral setae, several small and often one large
presutural setae, and two large notopleural setae with the posterior
seta being the largest. The scutum lies behind the prescutum above
the wing bases, and anterior to the scutellum.
Laterally, the scutum bears several rows of small intraalar setae
with a large posterior intraalar seta. This large posterior intraalar
seta has previously been known as the supra-alar seta by many
authors (recently, Dahl, 1959; Deonier, 1964; and Wirth, 1965a)
but I believe that this seta in Parydra is situated too far to the pos-
terior to be the supra-alar. Evidently, Cresson (1949) believed this
also as he lists no supra-alar setae in his morphological discussion of
his genus Parydra but instead lists postalar setae. Cresson's interpre-
tation seems to agree with those of Sturtevant (1921) and Ferris
(1950) on Drosophilidae and that of Kim and Cook (1966) on
Sphacroceridae. However, the senior author maintains that this seta
is actually a member of the intraalar series and not separate as indi-
cated when called the postalar seta.
On the scutum but near its junction with the scutellum, there is
a large seta placed between the intraalar series and the dorsocentral
series. The senior author has named this seta the prescutellar seta.
Recently Dahl (1959), Deonier (1964), and Wirth (1965a) call
this seta an intraalar, but Cresson (1949) indicates it as being the
prescutellar dorsocentral. Since it is prescutellar in position but
clearly not in line with the dorsocentral row, the senior author pre-
fers to consider it as the prescutellar seta.
The scutellum (Figs. 2, 4 and 5) is a large, posterior-projecting
sclerite which extends well beyond the junction of the thorax and the
abdomen. Two pairs of large setae and a number of small setae are
borne on the scutellum. The two large setae located near the apex
of the scutellum are the apical scutellar setae, and the two lateral or
dorsolateral setae are the lateral scutellar setae. Boh of these pairs
of setae may have large tuberculate bases. The apex of the scutel-
lum, between the apical scutellar setae, may have a small to large,
variously-shaped, process which we have termed the apical scutellar
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
16 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
process. Cresson (1949 and in many previous papers) calls this
process the "apical, unarmed, scutellar tubercule" and Sturtevant and
Wheeler (1954) consider it as the apical papilla. Since Cresson's
name for the process may be confused with the armed or setose tuber-
cules, and since the word papilla means "a soft projection" which
the apical process certainly is not, we prefer the term, apical process.
The postnotum is located below the scutellum and the posterior
portion of the scutum. The postnotum is divided into two lateral
sclerites, the laterotergites (metapleuron), and a large median scler-
ite, the mediotergite (postscutellum), which posteriorly joins the two
laterotergites (Fig. 2).
The pleural area of the mesothorax consists of an anterior area,
the episternum, and a posterior area, the epimeron, which are sep-
arated by the pleural suture. The episternum is subdivided into the
anepisternum, pre-episternum, and katepisternum and all three are
evident (Figs. 2 and 5). The anepisternum (mesopleuron) is de-
fined dorsally by the notopleural or dorsopleural suture and ventrally
by the anepisternal suture. The pre-episternum is a large lateroven-
tral sclerite delineated dorsally by the anepisternal suture, anteriorly
by the coxal cavity of the prothorax, posteriorly by the pleural and
precoxal sutures, and medially by the midventral line. The katepi-
sternum is a very narrow, ventral sclerite located just anterior to the
mesothoracic coxal cavity, and defined anteriorly by the precoxal
suture and posteriorly by the coxal cavity. The anepisternum and
pre-episternum both bear a number of small setae and often one seta
is very large on each sclerite. The anepisternal setae are called the
sternopleural setae (Fig. 2).
The epimeron is subdivided into the anepimeron and the kat-
epimeron (Fig. 2) by the anepimeral suture. Near the antero-dorsal
margin of the anepimeron is a small sclerite known as the prealar
apophysis while near the posterior-dorsal margin is a triangular sub-
alar (Fig. 2). No mesothoracic sternites are visible.
The metathorax is considerably reduced, but anteriorly a small
anepisternum, below the katepimeron II, and a large, ventral epi-
sternum are still evident (Figs. 2 and 5). Posterior to the pleural
suture which extends from the spiracle to the coxal cavity is a long,
narrow, triangular sclerite which is all that remains of the epimeron
(Figs 2 and 5). No metathoracic sternites remain.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 17
The legs of Parydra are typical of those of most acalyterate Dip-
tera and each possesses a coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and five
tarsal segments (Fig. 9). The only setae of apparent taxonomic
importance are those located at the apex of the tibia of each leg and
the posterior flexor row of setae of the mesothoracic legs.
In Parydra, the wing venation and color often provide good spe-
cific characters. The terminology used herein for wing venation fol-
lows the Comstock-Needham system (Fig. 184). The costa extends
to the Mi +2 and has two breaks, 1 near the humeral crossvein (h)
and one near the Junction of Ri and the costa. The subcosta is
rather indistinct but can be seen lying close to the Ri, just beyond the
humeral crossvein. The Ri is short and distinct. The R2 and R3 are
fused to form the R2+3, and likewise the R 4 and R 5 are fused to pro-
duce the R4+5. The first two medial veins are fused, forming the
M1+2. The third medial vein has fused with the cubital vein to pro-
duce the M3+CU1. In addition to the humeral crossvein, two other
crossveins are found. The r-m or anterior crossvein joins the R4+5
with the Mi +2, and the m or posterior crossvein joins the Mi +2 with
the M3+CU1. Numerous setae are found along the costa but none
appear to be of any taxonomic importance. The wing base of Pary-
dra is very complex and I have not attempted an interpretation of its
morphology.
In some specimens of some species, there is a small appendage
situated near the apex of the R2+3. The presence of this appendage
has been used as a character in species recognition in the past, but
there is considerable variability in the occurrence of this appendage.
It seems to be usually present in some species, usually absent in
others, totally absent in some, and occasionally a specimen is en-
countered with the appendage present in one wing but lacking in the
other. Consequently, it is not a reliable character for species
identification.
The metathoracic halteres (Fig. 7) are composed of a scabellum,
pedicel, and a capitellum. The basal scabellum and the basal portion
of the pedicel both have two small sclerites and a set of sensoria.
The sensoria appear to be very complex in structure and similar to
those illustrated by Kim and Cook (1966). The capitellum is mem-
branous and without any sclerites, but it bears 2 sets of tiny setae and
is covered with microtrichia.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
18 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Abdomen (Figs. 10-143)
In this section, the senior author has almost exclusively used the
terminology of Crampton (1942) except that he has used the term
gonites rather than gonopophyses and gonal arch for a sclerite which
posteriorly connects the paired gonites.
Crampton considered that primitive Diptera have 11 abdominal
segments with the first 8 segments each having a pair of spiracles.
However in Parydra and related genera, one can observe a maximum
of 8 tergites, 9 sternites, and the cerci in the females of some species;
and 6 tergites, 7 sternites, and the cerci in the males of some species.
Both males and females have only 6 pairs of spiracles with 1 pair in
or associated with each of the first 6 segments.
The abdomen of both males and females may be divided into the
preabdomen and postabdomen (Crampton, 1942). The preabdomen
consists of the first 5 segments and the segments posterior to the fifth
are contained in the postabdomen. The postabdomen of males is
highly modified while that of the females is reduced, and such is the
case with Parydra. The preabdomens of both males and females are
morphologically the same and will be discussed together, but the
postabdomens will be discussed separately.
The preabdomen of both sexes consists of 5 segments and the
tergites of these segments are always present. Tergite 1 is never
fused to the second as was illustrated by Young (1921), but has a
narrow dorsal sclerite and two, somewhat triangular, lateral sclerites.
Tergites 2 through 5 are similar and extend around the dorsum and
pleurum. There appears to be a fine lateral suture across tergites
2 through 5 in some specimens of most species (Figs. 14 and 16 for
example). Spiracle 1 is located in the membrane near each of the
triangular lateral sclerites, and spiracles 2 through 5 are situated
within their respective tergites but near the ventral tergal margins.
Sternite 1 is occasionally missing or greatly reduced, and when pres-
ent may be variously shaped. Sternites 2 through 5 are apparently
always present but variously shaped. Sternite 5 in some species is
closely associated with the genital apparatus.
The male postabdomen of Parydra and related genera is highly
modified and most of the segments are no longer apparent. There
is no rotation of the postabdomen but tergites 6 through 8 are ap-
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 19
parently absent. The only visible tergite is that of 9 and with it are
fused the paired surstyli (Figs. 10-43 and 76-111). In Callinapaea
aldrichi the paired surstyli are not only fused to tergite 9 but are also
fused to each other along the midventral line (Figs. 41 and 109).
Sternite 6 is apparently present in some species of Parydra, Eutaeni-
onotum guttipennis, and Rhinonapaea metallica and closely associated
with the paired gonites. Apparently in Callinapaea aldrichi, sternites
6 and 7 are present but only 7 is connected to the gonites (Fig. 109).
The only visible postabdominal spiracle is that of segment 6 which
lies in the membrane between tergites 5 and 9. The genitalic com-
ponents are the aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme, paired gonites, in some
species a gonal arch, and in a few species an accessory aedeagal
sclerite of unknown origin (Figs. 76-111). In some species the
aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme are fused, and this is usually the
case in the species of the subgenus Chaetoapnaea. A gonal arch,
which posteriorly joins the paired gonites, is usually present in the
subgenus Parydra but usually absent in Chaetoapnaea. From what
the gonal arch is derived is unknown. The paired gonites are vari-
ously shaped and sometimes bear long setae. The genitalic com-
ponents provide excellent characters for species separation.
The postabdomen of females of Parydra and related genera (Figs.
44-75 ) is considerably reduced, but not elongated as in many higher
Diptera (Crampton, 1942). Tergites 6 through 8 are present but
usually much narrower than those of the preabdomen. Only the
paired cerci remain posterior to tergite 8. Sternites 6 through 8 are
always present and variously shaped, and in a few species a ninth
sternite may be found. The genital opening lies posterior to sternite
8 and anterior to 9 where present. The only postabdominal spiracle
is that of segment 6 and it is found in tergite 6 near the ventral tergal
margin. Internally one finds a single sclerotized receptacle which
Sturtevant (1926) calls the ventral receptacle. He notes that in ad-
dition to the sclerotized ventral receptacle there are two dorsal, un-
sclerotized spermathecae but the only sperm found are contained in
the ventral receptacle. The ventral receptacles of Parydra and related
genera (Figs. 112-143) are variously detailed but basically mush-
room-shaped and consist of a large, inward-folded sack. The ster-
nites of the postabdomen and ventral receptacles provide reasonably
useful characters for species separation.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
20 the tribe parydr1ni
Taxonomy
Key to the Nearctic Parydra and Related Genera
1. Anterior crossvein (r-m, Fig. 184) located directly below junction of R x
and costa, and/or anterior crossvein intercepting R 4+5 at 1/5 or less of
distance from junction of R 4+5 and R 2 +3 to costa, costal section of
wing from R x to R 2+ 3 2.8 to 6.0 times distance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+5 ,
wings as in Figs. 218 through 221, rare 2
Anterior crossvein located distinctly beyond junction of R x and costa, and
anterior crossvein intercepting R 4 + 5 at 1/4 or more of distance from
junction of R 4 + 5 and R 2+ 3 to costa, costal section of wing from R x to
R 2+3 0.6 to 3.3 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+ 5, wings as in Figs.
185 through 217, common Parydra
2. Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 2.8 to 3.9 times the distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+5 , wings as in Figs. 220 and 221 3
Costal section of wing from R 4 to R 2+3 4.7 to 6.0 times distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+ 5, wings as in Figs. 218 and 219 Callinapaea
3. Orbital setae small, about 1/6 the length of either inner or exterior
vertical setae, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 42 and 110, female
abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 74 and 142, wing as in Fig.
220 .... Eutaenionotum [Eutaenionotum guttipennis (Stenhammar)]
Orbital setae large, subequal in length to either inner or exterior vertical
setae, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 43 and 111, female abdo-
men and ventral receptacle as Figs. 75 and 143, wing as in Fig. 221 ....
Rhinonapaea [Rhinonapaea metallica (Cole)]
Genus PARYDRA Stenhammar
Napaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830:799. (preocc. Hiibner, 1819:pl. 34, as
listed in Hemming 1937 (1): 330, 339-340, 413, 442 and Hemming 1937
(2): 87, 98, 100, 122, 228). Type-species, Napaea stagnicola Robineau-
Desvoidy, 1830:799-800 = Ephydra coarctata Fallen (Westwood 1840:
153). Haliday 1939:407; Hendel 1910:312; Cresson 1918:64; Tullgren
and Wahlgren 1920-1922:542; Becker 1926:98-99; Mercier and Tolmer
1928:33; Cresson 1930:105-107; Hendel 1930:147-150; Cresson 1934:
211-212; Seguy 1934:441; Duda 1942:36-37; Cresson 1949:226-228;
Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:216-217; Dahl 1959:130-131.
Napaea sensu Rondani nee Napaea Robineau-Desvoidy, Rondani 1856:130.
Ephydra Fallen (partim). Fallen 1813:246; Fallen 1823:3; Meigen 1830:
113-114; Macquart 1835:535-536; Westwood 1840:153; Zetterstedt 1840:
715; Zetterstedt 1846:1805-1806; Walker 1853:259.
Ephydra sectio Parydra Stenhammar 1844:187. Type-species, Ephydra aquila
Fallen (Coquillett 1910:585).
Parydra Stenhammar. Loew 1860:31; Loew 1862:164; Schiner 1864:33;
Becker 1896:208-209; Grunberg 1910:291-292; Cresson 1930:105-106;
Cresson 1931:103; Cresson 1934:214; Cresson 1949:238-240.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 21
Parhydra ,[= Parydra Stenhammar] Hendel, 1930:149; Hendel 1931:15-16.
The nomenclature of the genus Parydra is rather complex and
deserves a detailed discussion at this point.
Early taxonomists described a number of species within the genus
Ephydra, some of which were ultimately placed within the present
genus Parydra. Fallen (1813) described aquila and coarctata as
species of Ephydra and he discusses them again in 1823. In 1830,
Meigen listed these species and added others.
The genus Napaea was established by Robineau-Desvoidy (1830)
and two species were described within this genus. The first species
was stagnicola which included variety A (Napaea major) and
variety B {Napaea minor). From his description, it seems certain
that more than one species was involved. Haliday (1839) lists variety
A as being synonomous with Ephydra coarctata Fallen and B as
synonomous with E. fossarum Haliday. Since Robineau-Desvoidy's
specimens were not preserved, it will never be definitely known what
species were actually involved and we can only assume that Haliday
was correct in his synonomies. The second species described by
Robineau-Desvoidy was pygmaea and its identity remains unknown.
In 1840, Westwood designated E. coarctata as the type-species of the
genus Napaea as Haliday failed to do so.
Macquart (1835) considered Napaea as a synonym of Ephydra
and Haliday (1839) used it as a subgenus of Ephydra. Zetterstedt
(1840) made no mention of Napaea and placed aquila and coarctata
in Ephydra.
In 1944, Stenhammar described Parydra as "sectio 3" of Ephydra
and much later Coquillett (1910) designated Ephydra aquila as the
type species. Zetterstedt (1846) followed Stenhammar and placed
Parydra as "sectio 3" of Ephydra. Parydra was not mentioned by
Walker (1853) but he considered Napaea as a subgenus of Ephydra
as did Haliday (1939). Loew (1860 and 1862) used Parydra and
made no mention of Napaea, but apparently he considered it to be a
synonym of Parydra, and undoubtedly Griinberg (1910) also con-
sidered Napaea as a synonym though he did not mention it as such.
Hendel (1910) reinstated the older name, Napaea. Then Ron-
dani (1914) incorrectly used Napaea as a genus based on the type-
species, Ephydra quadrata Fallen, and used E. coarctata as the type-
species of Ephydra.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
22 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
In 1918, Cresson regarded Parydra as a synonym of Napaea, but
on the basis of the type-species, he thought both might be distinct at
the subgeneric level. Tullgren and Wahlgren (1920-1922), Becker
(1926), and Mercier and Tolmer (1928) each placed Parydra as a
synonym of Napaea. Hendel (1930) also considered Parydra as a
synonym of the older name but spelled it Parhydra. By 1930, we
find that Cresson was apparently convinced that Napaea and Parydra
were each distinct genera and he described species in both until his
death.
Hendel (1931) appears to be the first to discover that Hiibner
had used Napaea as a generic name for a species of Lepidoptera
{Napaea frequens act oris) in 1819. Hendel thus concluded that
Napaea was not available as a genus of the family Ephydridae and
that Parydra Stenhammar would automatically become the correct
generic name. Apparently, Hendel (1930 and 1931) discovered
that the spelling of Parydra by Stenhammar was an error in trans-
literation of the Greek ■na P v§ P o<; and believed it should be corrected to
Parhydra. Cresson (1934 and 1949) did not think the spelling
should be corrected, and we find that according to Article 32 of the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature it should not be cor-
rected. Cresson (1934) also maintained that Hubner's use of Napaea
was not binary or binominal and therefore was not valid. Evidently
Cresson's argument was satisfactory and accepted up until 1954, at
which time, the International Commission on Zoological Nomencla-
ture in Opinion 276 (Hemming, 1954 and 1958) ruled that the
generic and specific names (the first and last names of the tri-
nominal) of Hubner's were acceptable and available. As a result of
this ruling Napaea is no longer available as a generic name in Ephy-
dridae and Parydra Stenhammar becomes the valid name.
Prior to Opinion 276, Seguy (1934) and Duda (1942) both
regarded Parydra as a synonym of Napaea. Cresson (1949) con-
sidered both Napaea and Parydra as valid genera but divided Napaea
into two subgenera {Napaea and Chaetoapnaea) . Sturtevant and
Wheeler (1954) used only Napaea and regarded three subgenera
{Napaea, Parydra, and Callinapaea) , but they did not recognize
Chaetoapnaea. Dahl (1959) followed Sturtevant and Wheeler in
their classification and apparently was unaware of Opinion 276.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 23
In this paper, the senior author has divided the genus Parydra
into two subgenera, Parydra and Chaetoapnaea. The subgenus Pary-
dra, as considered here, agrees for the most part with Cresson's genus
Parydra and Sturtevant and Wheeler's subgenus Parydra while the
subgenus Chaetoapnaea, contained herein, roughly corresponds to
Cresson's genus Napaea and Sturtevant and Wheeler's subgenus
Napaea. However the senior author has elected to raise the sub-
genus Callinapaea Sturtevant and Wheeler to the generic level.
Diagnosis. — Head when viewed in profile with anterior oral margin ex-
tending beyond antennal bases, facial protuberance (carina) near antennal
bases and not extending beyond anterior of oral margin; oral margin without
setae; arista well-developed and slightly plumose; orbital and occular setae
present; parafacial setae present, first pair usually longer than others. Wings
with costa reaching M 1+2 ; anterior crossvein (r-m) located distinctly beyond
the junction of Rj and costa, and the anterior crossvein intercepting the
R4+5 at 1/4 or more of the distance from the junction of the R 4 + 3 and R2+3
to the costa; costal section from R t to R 2 + 3 0.6 to 3.3 times the distance
from R2+3 to R4 + 3 . Legs of prothorax not raptorial.
Description. — Shining black flies with golden, coppery, and greyish
pruinosity. Head when viewed in profile with face straight to concave or con-
vex, anterior oral margin extending beyond antennal bases, facial protuberance
(carina) near antennal bases and not extending beyond anterior oral margin;
oral margin without setae; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae
divergent; orbital setae small or large; inner vertical setae convergent; ex-
terior vertical setae divergent. Face shining black; rarely with background
luster; usually with dense coppery, golden or silvery pruinosity; 1 or 2 large
pairs and several smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus visible when head
is viewed in profile. Antennae with well-developed, slightly plumose arista.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, becoming grey-
ish on lower areas of pleura; often with greyish stripes laterally along dorso-
central setae, between acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, and medially be-
tween acrostichal setal rows; occasionally with white to greyish spot at intra-
scutal suture; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae small or large, often several
pairs of dorsocentrals are larger than others; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae;
2 large pairs of notopleural setae, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of pos-
terior intraalar setae; mesopleural setae present. Scutellum shining black with
golden to coppery pruinosity; 2 well-developed pairs of setae; apical and
lateral setae which often have tuberculate bases; apical scutellar process some-
times present but unarmed. Legs not raptorial; shining black, reddish, or
with reddish parts with golden to greyish pruinosity; apex of prothoracic tibiae
with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae variously setose, usually with a
spur; apex of metathoracic tibiae variously setose anteriorly but with a pos-
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
24 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
terior comb. Wing clear or clouded, usually with darkened areas around
crossveins which often are bounded by light spots; costa reaching M 1 + 2 ; R 2+3
sometimes appendiculate near apex; anterior crossvein (r-m) located distinctly
beyond the junction of R x and costa, and anterior crossvein intercepts R 4+ 5
at 1/4 or more of the distance from the junction of R 4 + 5 and R 2 + 3 to the
costa; costal section from R x to R 2 +3 being 0.6 to 3.3 times the distance from
R 2 + 3 to R4 + 5-
Abdomen shining black with golden, coppery or greyish pruinosity. Male
abdomen with tergites 1 through 5 present, tergite 1 consisting of a dorsal
and 2 pleural sclerites, tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine
lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent; tergite 9 fused to short surstyli;
sternites 1 through 6 usually present and variously shaped; genites present;
gonal arch present or absent; aedeagus often fused to aedeagal apodeme.
Female abdomen with tergites 1 through 8 present, tergite 1 as in males, ter-
gites 2 through 8 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; sternites 1
through 8 usually present and variously shaped; genital opening posterior to
sternite 8 or between sternites 8 and 9; sternite 9 sometimes present; ventral
receptacle mushroom-like in shape.
Key to the Species of the Genus Parydra
1. Face convex when head is viewed in profile (Fig. 1); scutellum usually
with tubercules and/or an apical process; male genitalia with aedeagus
not fused to aedeagal apodeme, gonites rounded apically, gonal arch
usually present 2
Face straight to concave when head is viewed in profile (Fig. 187); scut-
tellum usually lacking tubercules or an apical process; male genitalia
with aedeagus usually fused to aedeagal apodeme, gonites usually
pointed apically, gonal arch usually absent 17
2. Lateral scutellar tubercules present and orbital setae short, 1 3 or less the
shortest diameter of the eye 3
Lateral scutellar tubercules absent and orbital setae long, subequal to 1/2
the shortest diameter of the eye 7
3. Distance between apical scutellar tubercules distinctly greater than their
length, katepisternal spine absent 4
Distance between apical scutellar tubercules less than their length, kat-
episternal spine present (Fig. 5), male abdomen and genitalia as in
Figs. 21 and 87, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 55
and 123 quadrituberculata Loew
4. Facial pruinosity golden, white, or sometimes coppery; legs of males
without dense posterior flexor row of setae on mesofemur (Fig. 180);
female abdomen with sternite 8 lacking posterior notch (Fig. 46);
male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 12 and 77; female receptacle as
in Fig. 114; generally distributed in North America .. aquila (Fallen) 5
Facial pruinosity dark coppery; legs of males with dense posterior flexor
row of setae on mesofemur (Fig. 181); female abdomen with sternite
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 25
8 deeply notched posteriorly (Fig. 51); male abdomen and genitalia as
in Figs. 18 and 83; female ventral receptacle as in Fig. 119; found in
western North America incommoda Cresson
5. Facial pruinosity golden to coppery, ground color of face black 6
Facial pruinosity white, ground color of face metallic blue
subsp. papulata Cresson
6. Femora and tibiae black, generally distributed in North America
subsp. aquila (Fallen)
Femora black except apex reddish and tibiae reddish, found in western
North America subsp. tibialis Cresson
7. Apical scutellar process present and large 8
Apical scutellar process absent 11
8. Apical scutellar tubercules present and distinct 9
Apical scutellar tubercules absent (Fig. 153); facial pruinosity grey; male
abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 17 and 84; female abdomen and
ventral receptacle as in Figs. 53 and 121 penabbreviata n. sp.
9. Wings with crossvein joining the R 2+3 and R 4+5 near apex of R 2+3 ,
R 2+3 , also appendiculate near apex, female abdomen and ventral re-
ceptacle as in Figs. 58 and 126, male unknown .. vanduzeei (Cresson)
Wings without crossvein joining R 2 + 3 and R 4 _|_ 5 , and without appendicu-
late R 2+3 10
10. Tibiae black except for very small areas at base and apex; scutellum with
apical process short and broad (Fig. 157), often appearing knobbed;
male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 23 and 89; female abdomen
and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 57 and 125 .. unituberculata Loew
Tibiae reddish; scutellum with long, narrow apical process (Fig. 150);
male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 16 and 82; female abdomen
and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 50 and 118 imitans Loew
11. Apical scutellar tubercules present, costal section of wing from R 4 to
R2 + 3 0.9 or more times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+3 12
Apical scutellar tubercules absent, costal section of wing from Rj to R 2+3
1.3 or less times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 , wings as in Fig. 185,
male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 10 and 76, female abdomen
and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 44 and 112 abbreviata Loew
12. Apex of scutellum rounded or blunt (as in Figs. 145, 148, 149, 154, or
156) 13
Apex of scutellum distinctly pointed (Fig. 147), male abdomen and geni-
talia as in Figs. 13 and 79, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as
in Figs. 47 and 115 aurata Jones
13. Femur black (apex may be reddish), tibiae black or reddish, tarsi red-
dish 14
Femur, tibiae and tarsi reddish; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs.
15 and 81; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 49 and
1 17 humilis Williston
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
26 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
14. Tibiae reddish, costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.6 or less times
distance from the R 2+3 to R 4+5 15
Tibiae black, costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 2.0 or more times
the distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 , male abdomen and genitalia as in
Figs. 11 and 78, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs.
45 and 113 alpina (Cresson)
15. Facial pruinosity grey, white, or coppery 16
Facial pruinosity golden or bright coppery, male abdomen and genitalia
as in Figs. 14 and 80, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in
Figs. 48 and 116 breviceps Loew
16. Facial pruinosity dense grey, white or silvery, with ground color not ap-
parent; eastern North America; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs.
20 and 86; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 54 and
122 pinguis (Walker)
Facial pruinosity sparse grey, white or silvery with metallic ground color
very apparent; Florida; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 22 and
88; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 56 and 124 ....
transversa Cresson
17. Abdomen with 6 visible tergites (Figs. 10 through 40) .... males 18
Abdomen with 8 visible tergites (Figs. 44 through 71) .... females (this
portion of the key is difficult and males should be used if available) ..
39
18. Aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme fused, gonites pointed or rounded
apically 22
Aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme not fused, gonites rounded apically .. 19
19. Gonal arch present 20
Gonal arch absent, tergite 9 + surstyli with or without a deep cleft (Figs.
93 and 94), male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 27 and 94
borealis (Cresson)
20. Apical process present on scutellum (Fig. 152), facial pruinosity, grey;
male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 17 and 84 .. penabbreviata n. sp.
Apical process absent on scutellum; facial pruinosity, golden or coppery
21
21. Costal section of wing from R 4 to R 2 + 3 1.5 or more times distance from
R 2+3 to R44.5, wing as in Fig. 195, male abdomen and genitalia as in
Figs. 19 and 85 lynetteae n. sp.
Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.3 or less times distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+g , wing as in Fig. 185, male abdomen and genitalia as in
Figs. 10 and 76 abbreviata Loew
22. Apex of gonites, pointed 26
Apex of gonites, broad, flat and rounded (Figs. 91, 98, and 108) .... 23
23. Tergite 9 + surstyli acutely angled midventrally (Figs. 29 and 98), aedea-
gus blunt but with posterior projecting hooks (Fig. 98), male abdomen
as in Fig. 29 hamata n. sp.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 27
Tergite 9 + surstyli rounded or obtusely angled midventrally (Figs. 25,
26, 40, 91, 92 and 108) 24
24. Aedeagus with apex rounded (Fig. 108) or blunt and forked (Fig. 92),
with a large anterior opening, sometimes with a small posterior open-
ing (Fig. 92) 25
Aedeagus with apex hooked, large posterior opening (Fig. 91); male
abdomen as in Fig. 25 appendiculata Loew
25. Aedeagus with apex rounded, no posterior opening: when viewed from
posterior, aedeagus is wide with sides parallel from the base to near
apex where they converge abruptly (Fig. 108); male abdomen as in
Fig. 40 vulgaris Cresson
Aedeagus with apex blunt and forked, small posterior opening present;
when viewed from posterior, aedeagus is narrow with sides converging
abruptly at base and then slowly converging to apex (Fig. 92); male
abdomen as in Fig. 26 arctica n. sp.
26. Gonites short, broad, and somewhat hooked at apex (Figs 104 and
106) 27
Gonites long, narrow and usually not hooked 28
27. Tergite 9 + surstyli bearing two large dorsal projections which extend
posteriorly beyond cerci (Fig. 106); male abdomen and genitalia as in
Figs. 38 and 106 spinosa n. sp.
Tergite 9 + surstyli without dorsal projections, male abdomen and geni-
talia as in Figs. 36 and 104 quadriloba n. sp.
28. Anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 elongated into finger-like
processes (Fig. 33 and 35) 29
Anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 not as above but rounded or
somewhat angled 30
29. Tip of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded and curving outward from midventral
line (Fig. 35); aedeagus, long, broad and dagger-like (Fig. 103)
penisica n. sp.
Tip of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded and curving slightly towards mid-
ventral line (Fig. 33); aedeagus, long, narrow, somewhat "S" shaped
with rounded hook at tip (Fig. 101) paullula Loew
30. Costal section of wing from R x to R 2 + 3 0.8 or less times distance from
the R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; aedeagus, long, narrow and pointed (Fig. 90); male
abdomen as in Fig. 24 acuta n. sp.
Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.2 or more times distance from
the R 2+3 to R 4+5 31
31. Gonites tapering gradually to apex and not sharply curved at apex .. 32
Gonites tapering abruptly at apex and sharply curved posteriorly at apex
(Fig. 92), male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 26 and 92
arctica n. sp.
32. Gonites tapering gradually and evenly from base to apex (as in Fig. 99)
33
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
28 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Gonites tapering unevenly, taper in basal half more abrupt, distal half
thus very long and slender (as in Figs. 100-102) 36
33. Aedeagus broad and flat when viewed from above and having a shallow
apical groove (Figs. 31 and 99) lingulata n. sp.
Aedeagus narrow when viewed from above and having a deep apical
groove (Figs. 95, 96 and 97) 34
34. Aedeagus knife or sheath-like when viewed in profile (Fig. 95), male
abdomen as in Fig. 28 copis n. sp.
Aedeagus gouge-like when viewed in profile (Figs. 96 and 97)
halteralis (Cresson) .... 35
35. Aedeagus slender and uniformly shaped in apical one-third (Fig. 96) ....
n. subsp. joaquinensis
Aedeagus slender but thickened in apical one-third (Fig. 97)
subsp. halteralis (Cresson)
36. Aedeagus curved and slightly hooked at apex (Figs. 102 and 107) .. 37
Aedeagus not curved or hooked at apex (Figs. 100 and 105) 38
37. Aedeagus with sclerotized bridge dividing open posterior (Fig. 102), male
abdomen as in Fig. 34 pedalis n. sp.
Aedeagus without sclerotized bridge dividing open posterior (Fig. 107),
male abdomen as in Fig. 39 succurva n. sp.
38. Aedeagus with a large, flat, keeled apex (Fig. 100); metatibiae each with
1 or 2 very large spines on anteroventral apex, one of which extends
far beyond apex of tibia (Fig. 183), male abdomen as in Fig. 32 ....
parasocia n. sp.
Aedeagus with apex somewhat rounded to blunt (Fig. 105); metatibiae
each with several small spines on anteroventral apex which extend at
most only slightly beyond apex of tibia (Fig. 182), male abdomen as
in Fig. 37 socia (Cresson)
39. Abdomen with eighth sternite consisting of a large median sclerite and
one small lateral sclerite on each side (Figs. 63, 64, 66, and 67) .... 40
Abdomen with eighth sternite consisting of only a large median sclerite
or of only 2 small lateral sclerites 44
40. Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.3 or less times distance from
R 2+ 3 to R 4+3 , abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 66 and 134
paullula Loew
Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.6 or more times distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+5 41
41. Sternite 8 with median sclerite distinctly triangular and lateral sclerites
comma-shaped, abdomen and ventral receptacles as in Figs. 67 and
135 penisica n. sp.
Sternite 8 with median sclerite subtrapezoidal, not triangular, and lateral
sclerites oval (Figs. 63 and 64) 42
42. Ventral receptacle large, total length of abdomen about 9 times length of
cap of ventral receptacle; abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs.
63 and 130 (females can be separated to subspecies only on basis of
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 29
locality data) halteralis Cresson 43
Ventral receptacle small, total length of abdomen about 14 times length
of cap of ventral receptacle; abdomen and ventral receptable as in Figs.
64 and 132 lingulata n. sp.
43. From San Joaquin Valley of California n. subsp. joaquinensis
Not from San Joaquin Valley subsp. halteralis (Cresson)
44. Sternite 8 with a deep, narrow, posterior notch (Figs. 52 and 53) .... 45
Sternite 8 without a posterior notch 46
45. Sternite 7 without an anterior notch (Fig. 52), ventral receptacle with a
very large cap which covers all but apex of receptacle (Fig. 120) ....
lynetteae n. sp.
Sternite 7 with a large anterior notch (Fig. 53); ventral receptacle cap
smaller, covering only about 2/3 of receptacle (Fig. 121)
penabbreviata n. sp.
46. Costal section of wing from R^ to R 2+ 3 1.1 or less times distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+5 , sternite 8 divided into 2 lateral fragments (Fig. 44),
ventral receptacle as in Fig. 112 abbreviata Loew
Costal section of wing from Rj to R 2+ 3 1.1 or more times distance from
R2+3 to R 4 _|_ 5 , sternite 8 seldom divided into 2 lateral fragments .. 47
47. Sternite 8 much wider than sternites 6 or 7 and broadly concave anteri-
orly with a blunt posterior (Fig. 60) or divided medially to form two
lateral fragments (Fig. 71) 48
Sternite 8 usually subequal or narrower than sternites 6 or 7 and blunt to
convex anteriorly, usually with slight concavity on posterior lateral
margins of each side (Figs. 59, 61, 62, 65, 69 and 70); if wider than
other sternites then with an anterior "V" notch and a rounded pos-
terior (Fig. 68) 49
48. Ventral receptacle with cap about 1/2 total length of receptacle (Fig.
128), sternite 8 not divided (Fig. 60) arctica n sp.
Ventral receptacle with cap about 2/3 total length of receptacle (Fig.
139), sternite 8 often divided into 2 lateral fragments (Fig. 71)
vulgaris Cresson
49. Sternite 8 subequal or narrower than sternites 6 or 7 and blunt to convex
anteriorly, usually with a slight concavity on posterior lateral margins
of each side (Figs. 59, 61, 62, 65, 69 and 70) 50
Sternite 8 wider than sternites 6 or 7 and with an anterior "V" notch
and rounded posterior (Fig. 68); ventral receptacle as in Fig. 136 ....
quadriloba n. sp.
50. Sternites 6, 7 and 8 much wider than other sternites (Fig. 70); ventral
receptacle as in Fig. 138 succurva n. sp.
Sternites 6, 7 and 8 subequal in width to other sternites 51
51. Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+ 3 1.7 or less times distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+5 52
Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.9 more times distance from
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
30 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
R 2+3 to R.4 + 5, abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 62 and 131
hamata n. sp.
52. Sternite 5 round to oval (Fig. 59), ventral receptacle usually with top of
cap narrow and appearing somewhat pointed (Fig. 127), R 2 +3 usually
appendiculate near tip (Fig. 202) appendiculata Loew
Sternite 5 not round or oval, subtriangular with an anterior notch or
round with an anterior projection (Figs. 61, 65 and 69); ventral re-
ceptacle with top of cap rounded, not narrow and appearing somewhat
pointed (Figs. 129, 133 and 137); R0+3 with or without appendicu-
late tip 53
53. Ventral receptacle with internal fold of cap not constricted near top, cap
about 2/3 length of receptacle, ventral receptacle as in Fig. 129, female
abdomen as in Fig. 61 borealis (Cresson)
Ventral receptacle with internal fold of cap constricted near top, cap
about 3/4 length of receptacle, ventral receptacle as in Figs. 133 and
137 54
54. Metatibiae each with one very large spine on anteroventral apex which
extends far beyond apex of tibia, female abdomen and ventral re-
ceptacle as in Figs. 65 and 133 parasocia n. sp.
Metatibiae each with several small spines on anteroventral apex which
extend at most only slightly beyond apex of tibia, female abdomen and
ventral receptacle as in Figs. 69 and 137 socia (Cresson)
Subgenus Parydra Stenhammar
See generic synonomies.
Diagnosis. — Face convex when head is viewed in profile; head setae
small or large; scutellum usually with tubercules and/or an apical process;
male genitalia with aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme, gonites rounded
apically, gonal arch usually present.
Description. — Generally large (1.87 to 5.47 mm long), shining black
flies with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head with ocellar triangle
raised; ocellar setae small or large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; orbital setae small or large; eyes red, oval; 1 large or small
pair of convergent inner vertical setae; 1 large or small pair of divergent, ex-
terior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small. Face convex when
viewed in profile; shining black with golden, coppery, greyish, or silvery pruin-
osity; facial depressions small to large and long, from antennal base to first
parafacial seta; 1 or 2 large pairs and several smaller pairs of parafacial setae.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, becoming grey-
ish on lower areas of pleura; often with greyish stripes laterally along dorso-
central setal rows, between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medi-
ally between acrostichal setal rows; occasionally with white to greyish spot at
intrascutal suture; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae small or large, often sev-
eral pairs of dorsocentrals are larger than others; 1 long pair of prescutellar
setae; 2 large pairs of notopleural setae, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 31
posterior intraalar setae; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey-
ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine usually absent. Scutellum shining black
with golden to coppery pruinosity; apical process present or absent; apical
tubercules usually present: lateral tubercules often present; apical and lateral
scutellar setae present and large. Legs black, partly black with greyish pruin-
osity; apex of prothoracic tibiae with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae
variously setose, usually with a spur; apex of metathoracic tibiae variously
setose anteriorly but with yellow comb posteriorly. Wing clear to clouded,
usually with darkened areas around crossveins which may be bounded by
light or white spots; R 2+3 usually not appendiculate near apex.
Abdomen as in generic description except as follows: Male genitalia
with aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme; gonites rounded apically; and
gonal arch often present.
Parydra (Parydra) abbreviata Loew
Parydra abbreviata Loew, 1861:357; Loew 1861:51; Loew 1862:168; Loew
18647:51.
Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) abbreviata (Loew), Cresson 1949:236.
Napaea hulli Cresson, 1934:212.
Napaea {Chaetoapnaea) hulli Cresson, 1949:236.
Napaea {Napaea) abbreviata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954: 221-222.
Type. — This species was described from a single, male speci-
men (type 11166) bearing the labels, Penn. and Loew Collection.
This is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules and apical scutellar tubercules
absent, apical scutellar process absent, orbital setae long, face convex to con-
cave when viewed in profile, and costal section of wing from R x to R 2 +3 1-3
or less times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4 _|_ 5 .
Description: MALE. — Total body length 1.87 to 2.79 mm; shining black
with coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin-
osity except where noted; length 0.48 to 0.58 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3
round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with
coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent,
inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post-
orbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden or dull coppery
pruinosity. Face shining black with dull, coppery pruinosity; convex when
viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial
seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with
dull, coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with grey pruinosity. Antennae dark,
brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery, pruinosity; faint, greyish
spots at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
32 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
setae, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between
acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.58 to 0.71 mm; many long acrostichal
setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1
pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescu-
tellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long
and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1
large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with dull coppery
pruinosity above, becoming greyish below, 1 large pair of mesopleural setae;
sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig.
144) shining black with dull coppery to golden pruinosity, length 0.24 to 0.31
mm, apical process absent, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae
large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except
tibiae, tarsi, trochanters and apex of femurs reddish; legs covered with greyish
pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic
tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic
tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a reddish, posterior comb.
Wing (Fig. 185) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by clear
to whitish spots, one whitish spot posterior to medial crossvein and one spot
near middle of M 1+2 ; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.43 to
1.80 mm; width 0.71 to 0.82 mm; distance from h to R x 0.41 to 0.51
mm; Rj to R 2+3 0.41 to 0.54 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.56 to 0.68 mm;
R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of R 4+5 0.78 to 0.99 mm; length of
M 1 + 2 0.41 to 0.48 mm; costal section from Ri to R 2+3 0.6 to 1.1 times dis-
tance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow to light brown.
Abdomen as in Fig. 10 except where noted; shining black with coppery
pruinosity anteriorly and medially, becoming greyish posteriorly and laterally
on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral
sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 2 variable, broad U-shaped,
anterior notch with narrower, blunt posterior, sometimes subcordate with or
without a lateral constriction; sternite 4 round or elongate oval. Genitalia as
in Fig. 76. Note the paired gonites with long, narrow, rounded apices, fused
to sternite 5 anteriorly, connected to gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch nar-
row with long, narrow, medial projection connecting with aedeagus. Aedeagus
boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.31 to 3.03 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where mentioned.
Head length 0.54 to 0.71 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 or 4
smaller pairs.
Thorax with scutum length 0.68 to 0.78 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to
0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.56 to 2.11 mm; width 0.78
to 1.02 mm; distance from h to R x 0.41 to 0.61 mm; R x to R 2 + 3 0.48 to 0.75
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.58 to 0.75 mm; R 4+3 to M 1 + 2 0.24 to 0.34 mm; length
of R 4 + 5 0.82 to 1.22 mm; length of M 1+2 0.44 to 0.58 mm; costal section
from R x to R 2+3 0.8 to 1.3 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 33
Abdomen as in Fig. 44 except where mentioned. Tergites 3 through 6
sometimes with small, anterior fragments. Sternite 2 with shallow, broad,
V-shaped or sometimes deep V-shaped anterior notch with narrower, truncate
posterior; sternites 3 through 6 elongate oval or elliptical, sometimes with
anterior fragments and small anterior or posterior notches; sternite 7 some-
times with anterior fragments and small anterior or posterior notches; sternite
8 usually divided into two lateral fragments but sometimes continuous. Ven-
tral receptacle as in Fig. 112.
Distribution. — Eastern and Southeastern United States (Fig.
228).
Specimens examined. — 23 specimens (14 8 8 and 9 2 2) with
the following data: Pennsylvania, holotype 8 ; Agawam, Massachu-
setts, April 20, 1916, H. E. Smith, 1 8 and 2 2 2; same as previous
data but April 21, 1916, 2 2 2; W. Springfield, Massachusetts, April
6, 1916, H. E. Smith, 1 2 ; same data as previous but April 7, 1916,
1 2 ; Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas Co., West Virginia, July 16,
1955, C. W. Sabrosky, 1 8 ; Mount Vernon, Virginia, April 19,
1917, W. L. McAtee, 1 8 ; Great Falls, Virginia, June 21, 1913, A.
L. Melander, 1 2 ; D.C., Loew, 1 8 and 1 2 ; Mosquito Cr., on Ga.
Hwy. 97, Decatur Co., Georgia, March 20, 1954, George Steyskal,
1 8 ; Agriculture College, Mississippi, Aug. 18, 1922, 1 8 ; Torreya
State Park, Liberty Co., Florida, March 23, 1954, George Steyskal,
5 8 8; same as previous except Sweetwater Creek near old "Camp
Torreya", 2 8 8 .
Parydra (Parydra) alpina (Cresson)
Napaea alpina Cresson 1924:163.
Parydra alpina (Cresson) 1949:247.
Napaea (Napaea) alpina Cresson, Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:222.
Types. — Holotype 8 and allotype, Longmire's Springs, Mt.
Rainier, Washington, Aug. 2, 1905. The holotype and allotype are
deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar tuber-
cules present, apical scutellar process absent, orbital setae long, tibiae black,
and the costal section of wing from R x to R 2 + 3 2.0 or more times distance
from R 2 _)_3 to R 4+3 .
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.57 to 4.08 mm; shining
black with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with
coppery pruinosity except as stated; length 0.71 to 0.88 mm; ocellar triangle
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC. 27
34 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and post-
ocellar setae small, divergent; 2 or 3 large pairs and occasionally 1 small pair
of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becom-
ing golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair
of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena
black with golden or coppery pruinosity. Face shining black with grey or
silvery pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions small,
not reaching first parafacial setae. Clypeus with silvery pruinosity. Antennae
dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; no greyish spots at intra-
scutal suture; faint greyish stripes between dorsocentral and arostichal setal
rows: scutum length 0.95 to 1.12 mm; many long arostichal setae; many long
dorsocentral setae, 1 longer pair at intrascutal suture: 1 long pair of prescu-
tellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae short and fine; presuturals long
and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger;
1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to
coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of meso-
pleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent.
Scutellum (Fig. 145) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.41 to
0.48 mm, apical process absent, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae
large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black ex-
cept trochanters and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; pro-
thoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with
a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with
1 large and 1 smaller anterior setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig.
186) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by clear to whitish
spots: no spots posterior to medial crossvein or near middle of M 1+2 ; veins
brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.55 to 3.03 mm; width 1.16 to 1.29
mm; distance from h to R x 0.68 to 0.88 mm; R x to R 2 + 3 1-29 to 1.53 mm;
R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.65 to 0.68 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length R 4+5
1.63 to 1.80 mm; length M 1 + 2 0.99 to 1.09 mm; costal section from R x to
R 2+3 2.0 to 2.2 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4 + 5 : halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 11 except where noted; shining black with greyish
and coppery pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with
fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 2 variable, cordate
with rounded or V-shaped anterior notch; sternite 3 elongate oval, with or
without an anterior fragment; sternite 4 oval, with or without a projection
and or a posterior notch; sternite 5 rounded anteriorly, wider and truncate
posteriorly, may have 1 to many strongly sclerotized areas appearing like
fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 78. Note the tergite 9 + surstyli with some-
what curved, pointed apices. Paired gonites with long, narrow, rounded
apices, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly; gonal arch not complete. Aedeagus
boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 4.08 to 4.45 mm. Head, thorax, legs,
and wings as in males except where indicated.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 35
Head length 0.88 to 0.95 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 to 5
smaller pairs.
Thorax with scutum length 1.19 to 1.33 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to
0.54 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.06 to 3.50 mm; width 1.26
to 1.53 mm; distance from h to R x 0.82 to 0.99 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.56 to
1.80 mm; R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 0.68 to 0.75 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 1.12 to 1.26 mm;
costal section from R a to R 2 + 3 2.1 to 2.3 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5-
Abdomen as in Fig. 45 except where noted. Sternite 3 sometimes with
notched anterior; sternite 4 oval, oval with straight sides, or oval with small
anterior projection; sternite 5 rounded anteriorly with or without a projection,
wider and truncate to blunt posteriorly. Tergites 5 and 6 sometimes lacking
anterior fragments. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 113.
Distribution. — Northern United States and Southern Canada
from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans (Fig. 232).
Specimens examined. — 74 specimens (32 $ $ and 42 9 9 )
from Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New
Hampshire, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Alberta,
Labrador, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Collected from March
through October.
Parydra (Parydra) aquila (Fallen)
Synonomies listed under each subspecies.
Parydra aquila is the most common species of the genus and is
undoubtedly found throughout most of the northern hemisphere,
north of latitude 30 degrees. Parydra aquila was described as the
Palearctic species while the Nearctic aquila, as the senior author con-
siders it, was divided into a number of species. Loew (1862) de-
scribed P. bituberculata, and later Cresson (1915, 1916, and 1949)
described P. nitida, tibialis, and papulata. A detailed examination
of the types and many specimens of these species has convinced the
senior author that they are all conspecific with Parydra aquila.
Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) indicated that their examination
of specimens of P. aquila from various European localities suggested
that P. aquila and P. bituberculata were of the same aggregate species.
However, they did not make the synonomy. The senior author has
examined Fallen's type series (3 9 2 ) of P. aquila, designated a lec-
totype, and believes bituberculata and aquila to be synonomous.
Also, the senior author is convinced that P. nitida is synonomous
with bituberculata and aquila. This synonomy was suggested by
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
36 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Cresson (1949) where he discovered the difficulty in separating
nitida and bituberculata and mentioned the improbability that nitida
was a distinct species. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) discussed
this but retained nitida as a subspecies of bituberculata. However,
there appears to be reason to retain nitida as even a subspecies since
there are no morphological differences nor any geographical separation.
Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) placed papulata as a subspecies of
bituberculata and with this the senior author will agree. However,
they retained P. tibialis as a distinct species but similar to P. bituber-
culata. After detailed genitalic examinations of the types and many
specimens, the senior author is sure that P. tibialis and P. papulata
are also P. aquila. Since tibialis and papulata can both be separated
by distinct color differences and both have more restricted distribu-
tions than the remaining aquila, these are to be retained as sub-
species of aquila.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules present; apical scutellar tuber-
cules present and distance between them distinctly greater than their length;
apical scutellar process absent; orbital setae short; facial pruinosity white, gold-
en or sometimes coppery; katepisternal spine absent; legs of males without a
dense posterior flexor row of setae on the mesofemur; and females with ster-
nite 8 lacking a deep posterior notch.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.77 to 5.44 mm; shining black
with golden, coppery, white and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with
golden to coppery pruinosity except where specified; length 0.85 to 1.12 mm;
ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar, interocellar, and postocellar
setae small, divergent; orbital setae small but 2 or 3 pair larger than others,
2 to 6 smaller pairs; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, be-
coming golden below and laterally, whitish centrally; 1 small pair of conver-
gent, inner vertical setae; 1 small pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae;
postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face
shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity or metallic blue with white
pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from anten-
nal base to first parafacial setae; 1 large pair and 3 to 10 smaller pairs of para-
facial setae. Clypeus with white, coppery or golden pruinosity; mouthparts
with grey pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; no greyish spots
at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between dorsocentral and acrostichal
setal rows; scutum length 1.16 to 1.53 mm; many short acrostichal and dorso-
central setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral, posthumeral and
presutural setae small and fine; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair
larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 37
pruinosity above and anteriorly, becoming greyish below and posteriorly; 1
large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal
spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 146) shining black with golden to coppery
pruinosity, length 0.44 to 0.61 mm, apical process absent, apical tubercles
present but distance between them being distinctly greater than their length,
apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules present, lateral scutellar setae
large. Legs black except reddish tarsi or black except apex of femora, tibiae
and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with
long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large,
black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of
black setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Figs. 187-189) almost clear,
slightly darkened around crossveins, not bounded by whitish spots, no spot
posterior to medial crossvein or near middle of M 1+2 ; veins brown; length
from humeral crossvein 2.89 to 3.88 mm; width 1.22 to 1.67 mm; distance
from h to R x 0.92 to 1.09 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.53 to 2.11 mm; R 2+3 to
R 4+5 0.54 to 0.78 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.41 mm; length of
R 4+5 1.80 to 2.45 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.16 to 1.56 mm; costal section from
R x to R 2+3 2.1 to 3.3 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 12 except where indicated; shining black with golden
pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral
sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 2 through 5 somewhat variable
in shape but similar to those of Fig. 12, anterior fragments present or absent.
Genitalia as in Fig. 77. Note the paired triangular gonites with rounded apices,
fused to sternite 6 anteriorly, connected to gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal
arch usually complete, narrow, with triangular medial fragment. Aedeagus
boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 4.42 to 5.47 mm. Head, thorax, legs and
wings as in males except where indicated.
Head length 0.88 to 1.12 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 4 to 11
smaller pairs.
Thorax with scutum length 1.26 to 1.60 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to
1.02 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.30 to 4.11 mm; width 1.33
to 1.84 mm; distance from h to R x 0.99 to 1.26 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.77 to
2.24 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.61 to 0.82 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.31 to 0.41 mm;
length R 4+5 2.04 to 2.55 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.29 to 1.60 mm; costal section from
R x to R 2+3 being 2.5 to 3.2 times the distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5.
Abdomen as in Fig. 46 except where mentioned. Sternites 2 through 8
somewhat variable but usually very similar to those in Fig. 46, may be with
or without anterior fragments on sternites 2 through 4. Ventral receptacle as
in Fig. 114.
Distribution. — Northern North America, and probably Europe
and Asia, above latitude 30 degrees North.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
38 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Parydra (Parydra) aquila aquila (Fallen)
Ephydra aquila Fallen 1813:247; Fallen 1823:4; Macquart 1835:537; Meigen
1830:117-118; Zetterstedt 1840:716; Zetterstedt 1846:1819-1820.
Parydra aquila (Fallen), Stenhammar 1844:187-188; Loew 1860:32; Schiner
1864:259; Becker 1896:211-212; Griinberg 1910:293; Cresson 1930:
105-106.
Napaea aquila (Fallen), Haliday 1839:407; Becker 1926:99-100; Seguy 1934:
442; Tullgren and Wahlgren 1920-1922:542.
Napaea {Parydra) aquila (Fallen), Dahl 1959:131.
Parydra bituberculata Loew, 1862:165; Cresson 1949:245-246.
Parydra nitida Cresson, 1915:70; Cresson 1949:246.
Napaea {Parydra) bituberculata bituberculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheel-
er 1954:227; Dahl 1961:39.
Napaea {Parydra) bituberculata nitida (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler
1954:227-228.
Types. — Fallen's type series is composed of 3 female specimens
deposited in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum in Stockholm, Sweden.
The senior author has designated one specimen as the lectotype and
the remaining two as paralectotypes. The specimens bore no locality
or collection date. The lectotype bore the label 416-68, Riksmuseum
Stockholm and the paralectotypes 417-68 and 418-68, Riksmuseum
Stockholm. The lectotype also was labeled E. aquila S (actually
2 ), one paralectotype (417-68) was labeled E. aquila 2 and the
other paralectotype had no determination label.
Diagnosis. ■ — This subspecies can be distinguished from the other sub-
species of aquila by the presence of golden to coppery facial pruinosity and
black tibiae.
Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body
length 3.81 to 5.20 mm.
Head length 0.85 to 1.12 mm. Face shining black with golden to coppery
pruinosity.
Thorax with scutum length 1.16 to 1.43 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to
0.61 mm. Legs black except tarsi reddish. Wing (Fig. 187) length from
humeral crossvein 3.23 to 3.74 mm; width 1.33 to 1.63 mm; distance from h
to Rj 0.92 to 1.02 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 1.67 to 2.07 mm; R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 0.54 to
0.78 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.34 to 0.41 mm; length R 4 + 5 1.94 to 2.24 mm;
length M 1 + 2 1.19 to 1.43 mm; costal section from R x to R 2 +3 2.1 to 3.3 times
distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+rr
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.54 to 4.96 mm: remainder as in males
except where noted.
Head length 0.88 to 1.12 mm.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 39
Thorax with scutum length 1.26 to 1.50 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to
0.68 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.53 to 3.91 mm; width 1.39
to 1.70 mm; distance from h to R x 0.99 to 1.09 mm; R, to R 2+3 1.87 to 2.11
mm; R 2+ 3 to R 4 + 5 0.68 to 0.82 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.34 to 0.41 mm; length
R 4+5 2.14 to 2.45 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.33 to 1.50 mm; costal section from
Rj to R 2+3 2.5 to 2.8 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5
Distribution Northern North America, Europe, and perhaps
Asia, above latitude 30 degrees North (Fig. 223).
Specimens examined. — 2,346 specimens (991 8 8 and 1,355
2 2) from Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, D.C., Idaho,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina,
North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennes-
see, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin,
Wyoming, Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. In
addition, the senior author has examined Fallen's types from Europe,
1 8 and 1 2 probably from another European locality, and 1 2
from Austria. This subspecies is collected from March through
December.
Parydra (Parydra) aquila papulata (Cresson)
Parydra papulata Cresson, 1949:247.
Napaea (Parydra) bituberculata papulata (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler
1954:228.
Types. — Holotype $ , allotype, 2 male paratypes, and 2 female
paratypes from Friday Harbor, Washington. The holotype, allotype,
and two paratypes ( 1 8 and 1 2 ) lack a collection date. A male
paratype was collected July 6.05 and a female paratype was collected
7.23.05. No collector was indicated on any of the types. The holo-
type and allotype are deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, and the paratypes are deposited in the U.S. National
Museum.
Diagnosis. — Distinguishable from the other subspecies of aquila by the
presence of a face with white pruinosity and black tibiae.
Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body
length 4.45 to 5.44 mm.
Head length 1.02 mm. Face shining metallic blue with white pruinosity.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
40 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Thorax with scutum length 1.43 to 1.53 mm; scutellum length 0.54 to
0.61 mm. Legs black except tarsi reddish. Wing (Fig. 188) length from
humeral crossvein 3.57 to 3.88 mm; width 1.53 to 1.67 mm; distance from
h to R x 1.02 to 1.09 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.94 to 2.11 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.68 to
0.75 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length R 4+5 2.21 to 2.45 mm;
length M 1+2 1.36 to 1.56 mm; costal section from Ri to R 2+3 2.6 to 3.0
times distance from R 2+3 to R4+5.
FEMALE. — Total body length 4.69 to 5.47 mm; remainder as in males
except where specified.
Head length 1.02 to 1.09 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 1.43 to 1.60 mm; scutellum length 0.58 to
1.02 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.94 to 4.11 mm; width 1.63
to 1.77 mm; distance from h to R x 1.09 to 1.26 mm; R x to R 2+3 2.18 to 2.24
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.68 to 0.81 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.37 to 0.41 mm;
length R 4+5 2.45 to 2.55 mm; length M 1+2 1.53 to 1.60 mm; costal section
from R x to R 2+3 2.8 to 3.2 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5-
Distribution. — Northwestern U.S. and Southwestern Canada
(Fig. 224).
Specimens examined 114 specimens (45 S S and 69 9 9 )
from Oregon, Washington, 1 specimen from Wyoming at 6,500', and
British Columbia. Collected June through August.
Parydra (Parydra) aquila tibialis (Cresson)
Parydra tibialis Cresson, 1916:150; Cresson 1949:248-249.
Napaea (Parydra) tibialis (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:229.
Types. — Holotype $ , 3 S and 5 9 paratypes from Oak Creek
Canon [sic!], Arizona, 6,000', Aug. F. H. Snow. The holotype is
deposited at the University of Kansas. Two paratypes ( 1 S and 19)
are deposited at the U.S. National Museum, and the remaining 6
paratypes are to be found at the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
Diagnosis. — Distinguishable from the other subspecies of aquila by the
presence of a face with golden to coppery pruinosity, and the apex of the
femora and tibiae reddish.
Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body
length 3.77 to 4.90 mm.
Head length 0.95 to 1.02 mm. Face shining black with golden to cop-
pery pruinosity.
Thorax with scutum length 1.22 to 1.39 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to
0.51 mm. Legs black except apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish. Wing
(Fig. 189) length from humeral crossvein 2.89 to 3.20 mm; width 1.22 to
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 41
1.36 mm: distance from h to Rj 0.82 to 0.95 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 1.53 to 1.77
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.58 to 0.65 mm; R 4+g to M 1 + 2 0.31 mm; length R 4+5
1.80 to 1.94 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.16 to 1.29 mm; costal section from R x to
R-2+3 2.4 to 2.8 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
FEMALE.- — Total body length 4.42 to 5.10 mm; remainder like males
except as follows:
Head length 1.02 to 1.09 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 1.36 to 1.53 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to
0.54 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.30 to 3.50 mm; width 1.33
to 1.56 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.99 to 1.05 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.77 to 1.87
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.61 to 0.68 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length
R 4+5 2.04 to 2.28 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.29 to 1.33 mm; costal section from R x
to R 2 + 3 2.6 to 2.9 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Distribution. — Western U.S. and Canada (Fig. 225).
Specimens examined 296 specimens (126 $ $ and 170 2 5)
from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Montana,
Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wash-
ington, Wyoming, British Columbia, and Manitoba. Collected from
April through November.
Parydra (Parydra) aurata Jones
Parydra aurata Jones, 1906:154-155; Cresson 1949:241-242.
Napasa (Napaea) aurata (Jones), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:222.
Types. — Cresson ( 1 949 ) mentioned that P. aurata was described
from San Francisco and the holotype (No. 4106) and the allotype
(No. 4107), "present selection" are in the collection of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences. He also mentioned a paratype at the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
The senior author has secured two specimens from the California
Academy of Sciences, a male labeled "lectotype" and a female labeled
"allotype" and both bearing the labels San Francisco, Cal. with a
date (v.27'08) which was scratched out. The lectotype bears the
number 974 and the allotype number 712. The senior author was
assured that these were the types of Parydra aurata but why Cresson
lists a "holotype" and why the numbers he lists are different from
those on the types observed remains unknown.
One paratype is located at the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, as Cresson (1949) stated. This male specimen also
bears the labels San Francisco, Cal. with the date (v.27'08) scratched
out and the number 712.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
42 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar tuber-
cules present, apical scutellar process absent, apex of scutellum distinctly
pointed, orbital setae long, costal section of wing from R 4 to R 24 _ 3 0.9 or
more times distance from the R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 4.15 mm; shining black
with golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruin-
osity except where noted; length 0.85 to 0.97 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3
round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with
golden pruinosity; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair
of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena
with golden pruinosity. Face with golden pruinosity; convex when viewed in
profile; facial depressions shallow but long, from antennal base to first para-
facial seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus
with golden pruinosity, mouthparts with golden to greyish pruinosity. Antennae
dark, brown to black with golden pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; faint greyish spots at intra-
scutal suture; faint greyish stripes anteriorly between dorsocentral and acros-
tichal setal rows; scutum length 1.05 to 1.22 mm; many long acrostichal setae;
many long dorsocentral setae with 1 larger pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long
pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; pre-
suturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior
pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with
golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below and posteriorly; 1 large pair
of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine
absent. Scutellum (Fig. 147) shining black with golden pruinosity, length
0.51 to 0.61 mm, apical process absent but apex appears distinctly pointed,
apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent,
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi
reddish; legs covered with golden pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yel-
low setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 large, black
anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of
black setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 190) clouded, darkened
areas around crossveins bounded by clear to whitish spots, very faint clear
spot posterior to medial crossvein, no spot near middle of M 1 + 2 ; veins brown;
length from humeral crossvein 2.79 to 2.89 mm; width 1.22 to 1.36 mm; dis-
tance from h to R x 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R r to R 2 + 3 1.26 to 1.43 mm; R 2+3 to
R 4+5 0.75 to 0.82 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length of R 4+5 1.53
to 1.70 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.88 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R 4 to R 2+3
1.6 to 1.9 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4 _|_ 5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 13 except where specified, shining black with mostly
golden but some greyish pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dor-
sally or with fine lateral sutures; tergite 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in
Fig. 79. Note the paired gonites, rather short, narrower at base with rounded
apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly and gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 43
narrow and complete. Aedeagus large, boat-shaped with deeply lobed pos-
terior margin, acute projections anteriorly, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.91 to 4.28 mm. Head, thorax, legs,
and wings as in males except where indicated.
Head length 0.88 to 0.99 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 1.12 to 1.26 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to
0.61 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.82 to 3.06 mm; width 1.22
to 1.43 mm; distance from h to R^ 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.39 to 1.46
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.78 to 0.81 mm; R i+5 to M 1+2 0.37 mm; length of
R 4+5 1.63 to 1.77 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.91 to 1.02 mm; costal section from
R x to R 2+3 1.8 to 1.9 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4 + .v
Abdomen as in Fig. 47. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 115.
Distribution. — Far western U.S. and southwestern Canada
(Fig. 228).
Specimens examined. — 461 specimens (210 $ $ and 251 2 9)
from Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, Baja California, and British Columbia. Collected
all months of the year except January and March.
Parydra (Parydra) breviceps Loew
Parydra breviceps Loew, 1862:167; Cresson 1949:223-224.
Parydra limpidipennis Loew, 1878:201-202.
Parydra vicina Cresson, 1940:9-10; Cresson 1949:224-225.
Napaea (Napaea) breviceps breviceps (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler
1954:223.
Napaea (Napaea) breviceps vicina (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler
1954:223.
The senior author has examined the holotype S of P. limpidi-
pennis (Type 11170, D.C., Loew Coll., deposited at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard) and it is certainly synonomous with
P. breviceps. This was recognized previously by Cresson (1949)
and Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954).
In 1949, Cresson mentioned the possibility that P. vicina might
be a subspecies of P. breviceps. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954)
made the synonomy and retained vicina as a subspecies based on an
indistinct color character and a distributional difference (breviceps,
Arizona and eastward; vicina, Arizona and westward). The senior
author's examination of the types and many specimens of each con-
vinces him that they are synonomous and there appears to be no rea-
son to retain vicina as a subspecies.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
44 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
The holotype $ and 11 paratypes {A $ $ and 7 5 2 ) of vicina
labeled Berkeley Hills, Alameda Co., Cal., IV.11'08 are located in
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Though Cresson (1940) mentioned 13 paratypes (5 S $ and 8
2 2 ) , it is possible that 2 paratypes are lost. However, there are 2
females which lack paratype labels but bear the same locality labels.
Perhaps these were considered as types by Cresson.
Type. — This species was described from a single female speci-
men (Type 11174) labeled Middle St., Loew Coll., and deposited in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar tuber-
cules present, apical scutellar process absent, apex of scutellum rounded or
blunt, orbital setae long, facial pruinosity golden or bright coppery, femora
black (apex may be reddish), tibiae and tarsi reddish, and costal section of
wing from Rj to R 2+ 3 1.1 to 1.6 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.55 to 3.40 mm; shining black
with golden to coppery pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin-
osity except as indicated; length 0.58 to 0.68 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3
round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 3 large pairs and 1 or 2 small pairs of orbital setae; eyes red,
oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below, some-
times greyish below and medially; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical
setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipi-
tals small; gena shining black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black
with golden or bright coppery pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile;
facial depressions small; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial
setae. Clypeus with golden or bright coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with
greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark reddish to black with coppery pruinosity,
arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes lateral-
ly along dorsocentral setal rows, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal
rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.71 to 0.88
mm; many long acrostichal and dorsocentral setae of about the same length;
1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and
fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 large pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals,
posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining
black with golden to coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1
large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal
spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 148) shining black with golden and coppery
pruinosity, length 0.34 to 0.41 mm; apical process absent and apex rounded
or blunt, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tuber-
cules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, apex
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 45
of femora, tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; pro-
thoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a
spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an
anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 191)
lightly clouded, very slightly darkened areas around crossveins but not bound-
ed by spots; veins brown; appendage rarely present at apex of R 2+3 ; length
from humeral crossvein 2.04 to 2.58 mm; width 0.85 to 1.09 mm; distance
from h to R x 0.58 to 0.75 mm; R t to R 2+3 0.78 to 1.12 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5
0.65 to 0.75 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length R 4 + 5 1.19 to 1.46
mm; length M 1 + 2 0.65 to 0.85 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.1 to 1.6
times distance from R 2+3 to R 4 _|_ 5 ; halteres yellow with light brown capitellum.
Abdomen as in Fig. 14 except where mentioned; shining black with grey-
ish pruinosity posteriorly and laterally on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5
continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent.
Sternites 3 and 4 sometimes with 2 small anterior fragments, sternite 5 closely
attached to sternite 6 and with 2 or 4 strongly sclerotized lateral fragments,
sternite 6 sometimes with lateral projections. Genitalia as in Fig. 80. Note
the long paired gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly,
fused to gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch complete dorsally and with a
large triangular dorsal plate associated closely with dorsum of aedeagus.
Aedeagus long and boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.13 to 3.57 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except as noted.
Head length 0.68 to 0.75 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 to 7
smaller pairs.
Thorax with scutum length 0.88 to 0.95 mm; scutellum length 0.41 to
0.48 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.48 to 2.75 mm; width 1.09
to 1.22 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.71 to 0.85 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.95 to 1.19
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.78 to 0.92 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length
R 4+5 1.43 to 1.60 mm; length M 1 + 2 0.82 to 0.92 mm; costal section from R x
to R 2+ 3 1.2 to 1.5 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4 _|_ 5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 48 except sternite 8 sometimes blunt anteriorly,
without broad "U" notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 116.
Distribution North America between latitudes 30 and 50 de-
grees North, uncommon in Rocky Mountains.
Specimens examined 1,293 specimens (551 S $ and 742
2 9 ) from Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut,
Delaware, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne-
sota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Penn-
sylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
46 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Baja California, Ontario, and
Quebec. Collected all months of the year except November and
January.
Parydra (Parydra) humilis Williston
Parydra humilis Williston, 1897:7; Cresson 1934:214.
Napaea humilis Williston, Cresson 1918:64.
Parydra humeralis Cresson, 1931:104.
Type. — This species was described by Williston (1897) from 2
specimens from Rio de Janeiro (Smith). One specimen is a male
and from Williston's wording the other is probably a female. We
have tried to locate the type or type series (2 specimens) but without
success. The senior author has examined 5 specimens from Rio de
Janeiro and believes that Williston's description is sufficient to iden-
tify these specimens as P. humilis. Also examined are 107 other
specimens from various localities in North and South America and
there is no question but that these fit Williston's description.
Among the total of 112 specimens examined one 5 specimen
in Cresson's collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia bears the following labels: comp'd W. Type? Parydra humilis
Will. det. E. T. Cresson, 1918;192; Cartago, Costa Rica; 25.V '09;
P. P. Calvert. Another 2 in Cresson's collection is labeled "Topo-
type" Parydra humilis W.; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 9-934; H. Souza
Lopes.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber-
cules present: apical scutellar process absent; apex of scutellum rounded or
blunt; orbital setae long; femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; and costal section of
wing from R 1 to R 2+ 3 1.6 to 2.1 times distance from R 2 +3 to R 4+5 .
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.16 to 3.91 mm; shining black
with golden pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity except
where mentioned; length 0.65 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round
ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small,
divergent; 3 large pairs and 1 small pair of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex
with golden pruinosity; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large
pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small;
gena with golden to greyish pruinosity. Face shining black with golden pruin-
osity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions small; 1 large pair
and 6 to 8 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden to greyish
pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark brown to black
with golden pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 47
Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; very faint, greyish stripes
laterally along dorsocentral setae, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal
rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.92 to
1.02 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 3
pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs pos-
terior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long
and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals,
posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining
black with greyish and some golden pruinosity; 1 large pair of mesopleural
setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum
(Fig. 149) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.34 to 0.44 mm,
apical process absent and apex rounded or blunt, apical tubercules present,
apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae
large. Legs reddish except base of coxae black; legs covered with greyish
pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic
tibiae each with a spur and 2 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic
tibiae with an anterior cluster of dark reddish to black setae and a yellow
posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 192) clear, sometimes very lightly darkened
around crossveins, no white spots; veins brown or reddish; length from humeral
crossvein 2.21 to 2.58 mm; width 0.88 to 1.12 mm; distance from h to R t
0.61 to 0.75 mm; 1^ to R 2+3 1.05 to 1.22 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.54 to 0.68
mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.24 to 0.34 mm; length R 4 + r , 1.36 to 1.67 mm: length
M 1+2 0.85 to 1.05 mm: costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.7 to 2.1 times dis-
tance from R 2+3 to R 4 + r ,'- halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 15 except as noted; shining black with coppery
pruinosity on anterior and posterior margins of tergites, greyish pruinosity in
middle. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures;
tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent; anterior fragment of tergite 8 sometimes fused with
tergite. Genitalia as in Fig. 81. Note the long, narrow, paired gonites with
blunt apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent or incomplete
dorsally. Aedeagus slipper-like, not fused to aedeagal apodeme, with a dor-
sal accessory sclerite.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.33 to 4.15 mm. Head, thorax, legs,
and wings as in males except where indicated.
Head length 0.71 to 0.81 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 1.09 to 1.16 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to
0.48 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.75 to 2.92 mm; width 1.16
to 1.22 mm; distance from h to R x 0.71 to 0.78 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 1.26 to 1.43
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.75 to 0.78 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length
R 4+5 1.70 to 1.73 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.09 to 1.16 mm; costal section from
R 4 to R 2 + 3 1.6 to 1.8 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 49. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 117.
Distribution. — North and South America from southern Cali-
fornia to central Argentina (Fig. 231).
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
48 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Specimens examined. — 112 specimens (57 $ $ and 55 9 2 )
from the following countries: U.S. (California), Mexico, West Indies,
Cuba, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay,
and Argentina. Collected in every month except August.
Parydra (Parydra) imitans Loew
Parydra imitans Loew, 1878:201; Cresson 1949:242-243.
Napaea (Napaea) imitans (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:223-224.
Napaea (Napaea) trituberculata Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954:225.
An examination of the holotype $ and 83 specimens of Parydra
imitans and the holotype $ and 4 specimens of P. trituberculata con-
vinces me that they are synonomous species. The holotype $ of
trituberculata from Coden, Alabama, Oct. 15, 1924 is deposited in
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) mentioned a paratype from Gulfport,
Mississippi (sex not indicated) deposited in the Cornell University
collection. The senior author has not seen this paratype but has seen
one specimen from the Cornell University collection labeled Napaea
n.sp. and from the same locality with the date June 14, 1917. This
may be the paratype to which Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) referred.
Type. — This species was described from a single male specimen
bearing the labels Type 11169, Mass., and Loew Collection. This
holotype is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber-
cules present and distinct; apical scutellar process long and narrow; orbital
setae long; wings without a crossvein joining R 2+3 and R 4 + 5 , R2+3 not
appendiculate at apex; and tibiae reddish.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.13 to 4.32 mm; shining black
with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden
pruinosity except where specified; length 0.68 to 0.88 mm; ocellar triangle
raised: 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and post-
ocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red,
oval; vertex with golden pruinosity above, becoming golden to greyish below;
1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, ex-
terior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena shining black with
greyish but some golden pruinosity. Face shining black with greyish pruin-
osity, sometimes with golden or coppery pruinosity: facial depressions long,
from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 2 large pair and 2 or 3 smaller
pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with silvery grey to golden pruinosity;
mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae reddish with coppery pruin-
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 49
osity; arista black, somewhat plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish
stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae, between dorsocentral and acrostichal
setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal row?; scutum length 1.02
to 1.22 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with
3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs farther
posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae
long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of noto-
pleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura
shining black with greyish pruinosity, golden below wing base; 1 large pair of
mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent.
Scutellum (Fig. 150) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.51 to 0.71
mm, apical process long and narrow, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar
setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with
coxae and femora black; trochanters, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs covered
with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex;
mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex
of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow
posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 193) slightly clouded, darkened areas around
crossveins bounded by faintly lighter areas, no lighter areas posterior to medial
crossvein or near middle of M 1 + 2 ; veins brown; length from humeral cross-
vein 2.48 to 3.30 mm; width 1.09 to 1.33 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.75
to 0.92 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 0.95 to 1.39 mm; R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 0.78 to 0.99 mm;
R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.31 to 0.37 mm; length R 4+5 1.39 to 1.90 mm; length
M 1+2 0.82 to 1.12 mm; costal section from R 4 to R 2+3 1.1 to 1.5 times dis-
tance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 16 except as noted; shining black with greyish pruin-
osity, denser pruinosity on posterior half of tergites. Tergites 2 through 5
continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent.
Sternite 4 variably shaped, basically oval with anterior or posterior notches,
with or without 2 anterior fragments; sternite 5 with or without 2 anterior
fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 82. Note the somewhat triangular, paired
gonites with curved, pointed apices; fused to sternite 5 anteriorly; not fused
to gonal arch. Gonal arch large with curved, pointed apex. Aedeagus long
and pointed with small accessory sclerite, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
Aedeagal apodeme very large.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.33 to 4.01 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where mentioned.
Head length 0.78 to 0.88 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 1.12 to 1.32 mm; scutellum length 0.58 to
0.71 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.79 to 3.33 mm; width 1.16
to 1.36 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.82 to 0.95 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 1.19 to 1.53
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.92 to 1.02 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1+2 0.34 to 0.37 mm; length
R 4+5 1.73 to 1.97 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.02 to 1.16 mm; costal section from
R 4 to R 2+3 1.2 to 1.6 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
50 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Abdomen as in Fig. 50. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 118.
Distribution. — Eastern U.S. and Canada, Atlantic and Gulf
Coastal areas (Fig. 227).
Specimens examined 87 specimens (38 $ $ and 49 2 2 )
from Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts,
Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, New Bruns-
wick, and Nova Scotia. Collected from March through October.
Parydra (Parydra) incommoda Cresson
Parydra incommoda Cresson, 1930:81; Cresson 1949:247-248.
Napaea (Parydra) incommoda (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:228.
Types. — Described from a holotype S , allotype and 7 paratypes
(3 6 6 and 4 2 2) collected from Moscow Mt., Idaho on 12. VI. 10.
The holotype, allotype and 1 2 paratype are deposited in the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the re-
maining paratypes are deposited in the U.S. National Museum,
Washington, D.C.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules present, apical scutellar process
absent, apical scutellar tubercules present and the distance between them dis-
tinctly greater than their length, orbital setae short, facial pruinosity dark cop-
pery, katepisternal spine absent, mesofemora of males with a dense posterior
flexor row of setae, and females with sternite 8 deeply notched on posterior.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 4.08 to 4.69 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
pery pruinosity except as noted; length 0.95 to 1.05 mm; ocellar triangle
raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae small, divergent; interocellar and post-
ocellar setae very small, divergent; 2 or 3 small pairs of orbital setae, 1 very
small pair; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming
golden below but whitish to greyish below and medially; 1 small pair of con-
vergent, inner vertical setae; 1 small pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae;
postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena shining black with golden to cop-
pery pruinosity. Face shining black with dark coppery pruinosity; facial de-
pressions long, shallow, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair
and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity;
mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae brown to black with coppery
pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish
stripes between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 1.26 to
1.33 mm; many small acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; 1 long pair of pre-
scutellar setae; humeral, posthumeral and presutural setae very small and fine;
2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 51
intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming
greyish below and posterior; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with
greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 151) shining
black with golden to coppery pruinosity, length 0.54 mm, apical process
absent, apical tubercules present and farther apart than their length, apical
scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules present, lateral scutellar setae large.
Legs black except trochanters and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish
pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic
femora of males with a dense posterior flexor row of setae (Fig. 181); meso-
thoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 small black anterior setae; apex of meta-
thoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior
comb. Wing (Fig. 194) very slightly clouded, slightly darkened at crossveins,
not bounded by whitish spots, no other whitish spots present; veins brown;
length from humeral crossvein 3.30 to 3.67 mm; width 1.43 to 1.53 mm; dis-
tance from h to R^ 0.95 to 1.09 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.70 to 1.90 mm; R 2+3 to
R 4+5 0.68 to 0.71 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length R 4+5 1.94 to
2.21 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.26 to 1.39 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 2.5
to 2.7 times distance from R 2+8 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 18 except where specified; shining black with golden
pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral
sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 2 and 3 with or without anterior
fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 83. Note the paired gonites which are
sharply bent upward at middle, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly, connected to
gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch narrow and complete dorsally. Aedeagus
pointed and curved, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 4.35 to 4.93 mm. Head, thorax, legs and
wings as in males except as noted.
Head length 1.02 to 1.09 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 5 to 8
smaller pairs.
Thorax with scutum length 1.29 to 1.43 mm; scutellum length 0.54 to
0.62 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.64 to 4.25 mm; width 1.46
to 1.70 mm; distance from h to R x 1.02 to 1.16 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.70 to
2.11 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.75 to 0.78 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.37 to 0.41 mm;
length R 4+5 2.24 to 2.45 mm; length M 1+2 1.39 to 1.46 mm; costal section
from R x to R 2 + 3 2.3 to 2.7 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5-
Abdomen as in Fig. 51. Note sternite 8 with the deep U-shaped pos-
terior notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 119.
Distribution. — Western U.S. and Canada (Fig. 227).
Specimens examined. — 353 specimens (127 $ S and 226 2 2)
from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Alberta, and British
Columbia. Collected from May through October.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
52 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Parydra (Parydra) lynetteae n.sp.
Types. — Holotype 8 , 1 8 and 5 2 paratypes from 2.5 mi. E.
Chilpancingo; 5 mi. S. Guerreo; Mexico; Aug. 5, 1962; N. Marston-6.
2 8 paratypes with same data except Aug. 3, 1962; N. Marston-4a;
and 1 2 paratype with same data except Aug. 4, 1962; N. Marston-5.
One 8 paratype (Aug. 3, 1962; N. Marston-4a ) retained in the
author's collection and 1 8 paratype with this data is deposited in
the collection of the U.S. National Museum. The remaining holo-
type 8,lS and 6 2 paratypes are deposited in the collection of
Kansas State University at Manhattan, Kansas. Also, 1 8 paratype
from Sonora Alamos, Mexico, 25.11.1963, P. H. Arnaud, Jr. is de-
posited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Diagnosis. — Lateral and apical scutellar tubercules absent, apical scu-
tellar process absent, orbital setae long, face concave when viewed in profile,
facial pruinosity golden or coppery, costal section of wing from R^ to R 2+ 3
1.5 or more times distance from R 2 +3 R^+s- Male with gonal arch present
and aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme. Female ventral receptacle with
large cap which covers all but the apex.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.06 to 3.30 mm; shining
black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with
coppery pruinosity except where noted; length 0.61 to 0.65 mm; ocellar tri-
angle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and
postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval;
vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair
of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical
setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden pruin-
osity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity; concave when viewed in
profile; facial depressions large, from antennal base to first parafacial seta;
1 or 2 small anterior pairs, followed by 1 large pair, and 8 to 1 1 small pos-
terior pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts
with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruin-
osity; arista black, somewhat plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; faint, greyish stripes lat-
erally along dorsocentral setae and between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal
rows; scutum length 0.75 to 0.99 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long
dorsocentral setae with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal
suture and 2 pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral
and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair;
2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior
intraalar setae; pleura shining black with coppery to golden pruinosity above,
becoming greyish below and posteriorly; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae;
sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 53
152) shining black with coppery pruinosity; length 0.31 to 0.34 mm; apical
process absent, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral
tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters,
apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs covered with golden and greyish
pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic
tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metafhoracic
tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow, posterior comb.
Wing (Fig. 195) lightly clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded
by faintly lighter spots, no lighter areas posterior to medial crossvein or near
middle of M 1 + 2 ; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.97 to 2.35
mm; width 0.85 to 1.05 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.54 to 0.65 mm; R 4 to
R 2+3 0.88 to 1.05 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.58 to 0.61 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.24
to 0.27 mm; length of R 4 + 5 1.19 to 1.36 mm; length of M 1+2 0.75 to 0.88
mm; costal section from R t to R 2+3 1.5 to 1.7 times distance from R 2+3 to
R 4+r ,; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 19 except where mentioned; shining black with gold-
en pruinosity anteriorly, becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 85. Note the paired gonites with rounded
apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly and gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch
narrow with short lateral projections connecting with aedeagus. Aedeagus
boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 3.71 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where mentioned.
Head length 0.75 to 0.82 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 1.09 to 1.16 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to
0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.65 to 2.75 mm; width 1.16 to
1.19 mm; distance from h to R 1 0.71 to 0.78 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.26 to 1.33
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.65 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 mm; length of R 4 + 5 1.60
to 1.63 mm; length of M 1+2 0.95 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R 4 to R 2+3
1.9 to 2.1 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 52. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 120.
Distribution. — Western Mexico (Fig. 227).
Specimens examined. — 1 1 specimens ( 5 8 £ and 6 9 2, 1
holotype $ and 10 paratypes) with data as listed previously for types.
Parydra (Parydra) penabbreviata n.sp.
Types. — Holotype $ from Falls Church, Virginia; July 1954;
M. R. Wheeler. 1 2 paratype from same locality but collected July
13, '54; M. R. Wheeler. The holotype and paratype are both depos-
ited in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules and apical scutellar tubercules
absent; apical scutellar process present and large; orbital setae long; face con-
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
54 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
vex to concave when viewed in profile; facial pruinosity grey. Male with
gonites rounded apically, gonal arch present, aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme
not fused. Female with sternite 8 consisting of a single median sclerite with
a deep posterior notch, sternite 7 with a large anterior notch.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.86 mm; shining black with
golden, coppery, and grey pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin-
osity except where indicated; length 0.61 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round
ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small,
divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery
pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner
vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals
and occipitals very small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining
black with grey pruinosity; convex to concave when viewed in profile; facial
depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and
3 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with grey pruinosity medially,
becoming golden laterally; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae
dark, brown to black, with coppery pruinosity; arista dark brown, plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; greyish spots at
intrascutal suture; greyish stripes on anterior and posterior of thorax, appear-
ing as spots, laterally along dorsocentral setae, between dorsocentral and
acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum
length 0.82 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae
with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs
farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral
setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of
notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae;
pleura shining black with dull coppery to golden pruinosity above, becoming
greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruin-
osity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 153) shining black with
coppery pruinosity medially, becoming greyish on anterolateral angles; length
0.37 mm; apical process present and large; apical tubercules absent; apical
scutellar setae large; lateral tubercules absent; lateral scutellar setae large.
Legs black except trochanters, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs
covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at
apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae;
apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a red-
dish, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 196) clouded, darkened areas around cross-
veins bounded by clear to whitish spots, one such spot posterior to medial
crossvein and one near middle of M 1+2 , one whitish spot at tip of appendage
°f ^2+3^ veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.90 mm; width 0.88
mm; distance from h to R x 0.58 mm; R a to R 2+3 0.48 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5
0.71 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.37 mm; length of R 4+5 0.68 mm; length of
M 1 + 2 0.48 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 0.7 times distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres with yellow base and reddish capitellum.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 55
Abdomen as in Fig. 17 except as noted; shining black with coppery
pruinosity anteriorly and medially, becoming greyish posteriorly and laterally
on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 84. Note the paired gonites with long, narrow,
rounded apices, fused to gonal arch posteriorly, connected to sternite 5 anteri-
orly. Gonal arch narrow with long, wide, medial projection connecting with
aedeagus. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.09 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings
as in males except where mentioned.
Head length 0.68 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller
pairs.
Thorax with scutum length 0.85 mm; scutellum length 0.41 mm. Wing
length from humeral crossvein 1.94 mm; width 1.02 mm; distance from h to
R x 0.68 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.51 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.71 mm; R 4+5 to
M 1 + 2 0.34 mm; length R 4 + 5 0.99 mm; length M 1 + 2 0.48 mm; costal section
from R x to R 2 + 3 0.7 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 53. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 121.
Distribution. — Virginia (Fig. 232).
Specimens examined Holotype 8 and 1 paratype 2 with the
same data as listed previously for types.
Parydra (Parydra) pinguis (Walker)
Ephydra pinguis Walker, 1852:409.
Parydra pinguis (Walker), Loew 1878:199.
Parydra pinguis Loew, Cresson 1949:244.
Napaea (Napaea) pinguis (Walker), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:224-225.
Type. — This species was described by Walker (1852) and the
locality was listed as the United States. Loew (1878) redescribed
pinguis placing it in the genus Parydra but he made no mention of
seeing Walker's type. The senior author has been unable to locate
Walker's type or type series but has examined the specimens that
Loew apparently had before him when redescribing pinguis. Walk-
er's description of pinguis includes: "head . . . covered with white
down in front: . . . legs black with knees and shanks ferruginous".
These characters should be sufficient to indicate that he was describ-
ing the same species as Loew. Loew's specimens at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard are as follows: 1 $ and 1 2 labeled
D.C., Loew Coll. and 1 2 labeled Texas, Febr., Loew Coll.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber-
cules present; apical scutellar process absent; apex of scutellum rounded or
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
56 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
blunt; orbital setae long; facial pruinosity dense grey, white or silvery without
apparent ground color; femora black except reddish apex; tibiae and tarsi red-
dish; and costal section of wing from R x to R 2 + 3 1.1 to 1.3 times distance
from R0+3 to R4 +5 .
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.92 to 3.23 mm; shining black
with golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruin-
osity except where indicated; length 0.68 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; 1 large pair of
convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical
setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small. Face shining black with dense
grey, white or silvery pruinosity; no ground color apparent; convex when
viewed in profile; facial depressions small; 1 large pair and 6 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae. Clypeus with dense grey, white or silvery pruinosity; mouth-
parts with golden to somewhat greyish pruinosity. Antennae reddish to brown
with golden pruinosity; arista reddish to brown, plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; no greyish spots at intra-
scutal suture; very faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae, be-
tween dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal
setal rows; scutum length 0.92 to 0.99 mm; many long acrostichal and dorso-
central setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae
long and fine; presuturals long and fine, usually 1 but sometimes 2 larger
pairs; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of
posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above,
becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey-
ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 154) shining black
with golden pruinosity, length 0.41 to 0.48 mm, apical process absent, apex
rounded or blunt, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral
tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black and reddish; coxa
and all but apex of femora black, trochanters, apex of femora, tibiae and
tarsi reddish; legs covered with golden and greyish pruinosity; prothoracic
tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and
3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior
cluster of black setae and a reddish, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 197) cloud-
ed, darkened areas around crossveins; no whitish spots; veins brown; branch
vein at apex of R 2+3 present or absent; length from humeral crossvein 2.14
to 2.31 mm; width 0.99 to 1.02 mm; distance from h to R x 0.68 to 0.71 mm;
R x to R 2+3 0.88 to 0.92 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.65 to 0.75 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2
0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of R 4 + 5 1.22 to 1.33 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.65 to
0.75 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.2 to 1.3 times distance from
R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; hal teres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 20 except where specified; shining black with golden
pruinosity anteriorly becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2
through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8
absent. Sternite 4 somewhat variable, with an anterior projection or an
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 57
anterior notch, truncate to concave posteriorly. Sternite 5 with or without an
anterior fragment. Genitalia as in Fig. 86. Note the paired gonites with
rounded apices, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly and gonal arch posteriorly.
Gonal arch narrow, without projections. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to
aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.09 to 3.64 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where noted.
Head length 0.78 to 0.92 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 5 to 8
smaller pairs.
Thorax with scutum length 1.09 to 1.12 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to
0.54 mm; presuturals, 1 long pair. Wing length from humeral crossvein, 2.58
to 2.72 mm; width 1.02 to 1.22 mm; distance from h to R x 0.78 to 0.85 mm;
Ri to R 2+3 0.95 to 1.05 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.82 to 0.88 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2
0.27 to 0.31 mm; length of R 4+5 1.39 to 1.50 mm; length of M 1+2 0.78 to
0.82 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+ 3 1.1 to 1.3 times distance from R 2+ 3
to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 54. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 122.
Distribution Eastern half of the United States (Fig. 227).
Specimens examined 48 specimens (21 $ S and 27 2 9 )
from District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Louisi-
ana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Collected from
February to October.
Parydra (Parydra) quadrituberculata Loew
Parydra quadrituberculata Loew, 1862:165-166; Cresson 1949:249-250.
Napaea (Parydra) quadrituberculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:
228-229.
Types. — This species was described from a holotype 2 and 3
or 4 2 paratypes. Loew (1862) indicated that he observed male
specimens but none in Loew's collection were labeled "Middle
States" but there is 1 S and 1 2 bearing only the label "Osten
Sacken Coll.". Cresson (1949) mentions the presence of the holo-
type 2 and 4 paratopotypes but the senior author could find only 3
in the M.C.Z. collection. The holotype 2 bears the labels Middle
St., Loew Coll., and Type 11172. The paratype females bear the
same labels except Type 2, 3 and 4; each with 11172 also. The
holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules and apical scutellar tubercules
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
58 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
present, distance between apical scutellar tubercules distinctly less than their
length, orbital setae short, and katepisternal spine present.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 3.84 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head (Figs. 1, 3, 6 and 8) shin-
ing black with coppery pruinosity except as noted; length 0.88 mm; ocellar
triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and
postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 or 3 small pairs and 4 to 6 very small
pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above,
becoming golden below; 1 small pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1
small pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very
small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with grey to
white pruinosity; occasionally with some light yellow pruinosity; convex when
viewed in profile; facial depressions small; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller
pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with grey to white pruinosity; mouthparts
(Fig. 8) with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with cop-
pery pruinosity; arista black, bare or very slightly plumose.
Thorax (Figs. 2, 4 and 5) shining black with golden to coppery pruin-
osity; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae and between dorso-
central and acrostichal setal rows; stripe not apparent between acrostichal
setal rows; no spot at intrascutal suture; scutum length 1.09 to 1.22 mm;
many short acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar
setae; humeral and posthumeral setae small and fine; presuturals short and
fine; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of pos-
terior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, be-
coming greyish below; mesopleural setae small; sternum with greyish pruin-
osity; katepisternal spine present (Fig. 5). Scutellum (Figs. 4, 5 and 155)
shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.48 to 0.51 mm, apical process
absent, apical tubercules present and distance between them being less than
their length, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules present, lateral
scutellar setae large. Legs (Fig. 9) black except trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi
reddish; covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow
setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior
setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black
setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 198) clear to very slightly
clouded; no darkened areas around crossveins; no white spots; veins brown;
length from humeral crossvein 2.99 to 3.33 mm; width 1.18 to 1.27 mm; dis-
tance from h to R x 0.81 to 0.85 mm; R t to R 2+3 1.67 to 1.84 mm; R 2+3 to
R 4+5 0.54 to 0.68 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length of R 4+5 1.80
to 2.07 mm; length M 1+2 1.19 to 1.43 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3
2.5 to 3.1 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres (Fig. 7) yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 21 except where mentioned; shining black with gold-
en pruinosity, becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5
continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent.
Sternite 5 narrow and straplike or small and broadly elliptical. Genitalia as in
Fig. 87. Note the short paired gonites with rounded but somewhat angular
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 59
apices, fused to lateral remnants of gonal arch posteriorly and connected to
sternite 6 anteriorly. Gonal arch consisting of 2, triangular lateral fragments
fused with gonites, not complete dorsally, connected to aedeagus at apex of
fragments. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 4.15 to 4.59 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where specified.
Head length 0.88 to 1.02 mm; 2 to 4 small pairs and 3 to 5 very small
pairs of orbital setae; 1 large pair and 3 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 1.29 to 1.46 mm; scutellum length 0.58 to
0.61 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.23 to 4.15 mm; width 1.37
to 1.57 mm; distance from h to Rj 0.88 to 1.09 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.80 to
2.14 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.68 to 0.71 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.34 mm;
length R 4 + 5 2.04 to 2.52 mm; length M 1 + 2 1.39 to 1.67 mm; costal section
from R x to R 2+3 2.5 to 3.0 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5.
Abdomen as in Fig. 55 except where mentioned. Sternite 2 sometimes
with anterior notch and sternite 3 sometimes with small anterior process.
Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 123.
Distribution. — Eastern half of the U.S. and Canada (Fig. 226).
Specimens examined.- — 1,498 specimens (616 8 8 and 882
9 2) from Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia,
Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mon-
tana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North
Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennes-
see, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec,
and Saskatchewan. This species is collected in every month but
November.
Parydra (Parydra) transversa Cresson
Parydra transversa Cresson, 1940:10; Cresson, 1949:245.
Napaea transversa (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:220.
Types. — This species was described from the holotype 8 and
4 paratypes (listed by Cresson as 2 8 8 and 2 9 2 but actually 3
8 8 and 1 9 ) all in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All of the types bear the fol-
lowing data: St. Petersburg, Florida; 11.15.1924; (E. T. Cresson,
Jr.). The holotype bears the type number 6601 but the type num-
ber indicated by Cresson (1940) was 6547.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber-
cules present; apical scutellar process absent and apex of scutellum appears
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
60 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
rounded or blunt; orbital setae long; facial pruinosity sparse, grey, white or
silvery with apparent metallic ground color; femora black except apex red-
dish; tibiae reddish; and costal section of wing R x to R 2+3 0.9 to 1.1 times
distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.13 to 3.57 mm; shining black
with golden, coppery and greyish to silvery or white pruinosity. Head shining
black with golden pruinosity except as mentioned; length 0.75 to 0.78 mm;
ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; inter-
ocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae;
eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery to golden pruinosity above, becoming
lighter golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large
pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena
shining black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black to reddish with
metallic reflections; sparse grey, white or silvery pruinosity; convex when
viewed in profile; facial depressions large, appearing as two, one small depres-
sion at base of antenna and a large transverse depression near first parafacial
seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with
dense grey, white or silvery pruinosity; little metallic ground color apparent;
mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae brown to reddish with coppery
pruinosity; arista brown to black, plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish
stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae and medially between acrostichal setal
rows; faint greyish stripes more pronounced between dorsocentral and acros-
tichal setal rows, sometimes appearing as spots near posterior of thorax; no
spot at intrascutal suture; scutum length 0.99 to 1.09 mm; many long acros-
tichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 larger pair at intrascutal
suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long
and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals,
posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining
black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of
mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent.
Scutellum (Fig. 156) shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; length
0.44 to 0.58 mm; apical process absent, apex appearing rounded or blunt;
apical tubercules present; apical scutellar setae large; lateral tubercules absent;
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with coxae and all but apices of femora
black to brown; trochanters, apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs
covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long reddish setae at
apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae
at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and
a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 199) clouded, darkened areas around
crossveins bounded by whitish spots, one whitish spot posterior to medial
crossvein, one whitish spot at junction of R 2 + 3 and R 4+5 : veins brown; R 2 +3
sometimes appendiculate at apex; length from humeral crossvein 2.45 to 2.65
mm; width 1.09 to 1.19 mm; distance from h to Ri 0.75 to 0.82 mm; R ± to
R 2 + 3 0.82 to 0.99 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.88 to 0.95 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.31
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 61
to 0.37 mm; length R 4 + 5 1.43 to 1.53 mm; length M 1+2 0.78 to 0.85 mm;
costal section from R x to R 2+3 0.9 to 1.1 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 ;
halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 22; shining black to brown with golden pruinosity,
becoming greyish posteriorly and laterally on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5
continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent.
Genitalia as in Fig. 88. Note the paired gonites with long, bluntly rounded
apices, connected to sternite 6 anteriorly and the gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal
arch composed of two fused, lateral, triangular plates; connected to aedeagus
at apex. Accessory aedeagal sclerite present and U-shaped. Aedeagus com-
posed of two lateral, triangular plates; connected to gonal arch dorsally and
accessory aedeagal sclerite posteriorly; not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.60 to 4.01 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except as noted.
Head length 0.82 to 0.85 mm; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 1.19 to 1.26 mm; scutellum length 0.54 to
0.58 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.82 to 3.06 mm; width 1.26
to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R x 0.88 mm; R x to R 2+ 3 1-05 to 1.09 mm;
R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.95 to 1.09 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.34 to 0.41 mm; length
R 4+5 1.60 to 1.80 mm; length M 1 + 2 0.85 to 0.95 mm; costal section from R x
to R 2+3 1.0 to 1.1 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 56. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 124.
Distribution. — Florida (Fig. 225).
Specimens examined. — 23 specimens (10 S $ and 13 2 2 )
with the following data: St. Petersburg, Florida, 11.15.1924, (E. T.
Cresson, Jr. ) , holotype $ and 4 paratypes (3 S $ and 1 2 ) ; Tampa,
Florida, 20 March 33, A. L. Melander, 1 S and 2 2 2 ; Port St. Joe,
Gulf County Beach, Florida, March 17, 1954, George Steyskal, 1 $
and 6 2 2 ; Flamingo, Florida, 26 Jan. 1939, A. L. Melander, 1 $ ;
and 7 specimens from St. Augustine, Florida, C. W. Johnson Collec-
tion (2 2 S and 1 2, IV.21.19), (IS and 1 5, IV.27.19), and
(2 2 2, IV.16.19).
Parydra (Parydra) unituberculata Loew
Parydra unituberculata Loew, 1878:200; Cresson 1949:242.
Napaea (Napaea) unituberculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:226.
Types. — This species apparently was described from two female
specimens. The holotype (type 11173) and the paratype? (type 2,
11173) both bear the labels D.C. and Loew Collection. These types
are both deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
62 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber-
cules present; apical scutellar process present, short and broad, often knobbed;
orbital setae long; wings without a crossvein joining R 2+3 and R 4+ 5, R2+3
not appendiculate at apex; and tibiae black except small reddish areas at base
and apex.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.92 to 4.08 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery
pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.78 to 0.85 mm; ocellar triangle
raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar
setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and 1 or 2 small pairs of orbital setae;
eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below;
1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent,
exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden
pruinosity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity; convex when viewed
in profile; facial depressions divided into 2 pair, 1 small pair below antennae
and 1 large, transverse pair near first parafacial setae; 1 large pair and 3 to 5
smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts
with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with golden pruin-
osity; arista black, plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; faint greyish spot at intra-
scutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae and be-
tween acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; sometimes faint, greyish stripe
between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.99 to 1.12 mm; many long
acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral
and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 pair larger;
2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior
intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming
greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruin-
osity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 157) shining black with
golden pruinosity; length 0.54 to 0.61 mm; apical process present, short and
broad, often knobbed; apical tubercules present; apical scutellar setae large;
lateral tubercules absent; lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except base
and apex of tibiae reddish, tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity;
prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with
a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae
each with 1 large black anterior seta and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing
(Fig. 200) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by whitish
spots, one such spot posterior to medial crossvein and one near middle of
M 1 + 2 ; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.55 to 2.82 mm; width
1.12 to 1.19 mm; distance from h to Rj 0.71 to 0.78 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 1.02 to
1.16 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.82 to 0.85 mm; R 4+r , to M 1 + 2 0.34 to 0.37 mm;
length R 4 + D 1.50 to 1.67 mm; length M 1 + 2 0.71 to 0.85 mm; costal section
from R x to R 2+3 1.2 to 1.4 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 23 except where noted; shining black with grey pruin-
osity centrally and posteriorly on tergites, becoming golden laterally. Tergites
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 63
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Sternites 2 through 4 with rounded or concave posterior margins;
sternite 5 inverted U-shaped, sometimes with lobes and appearing to be a syn-
sternite of 5 +. Genitalia as in Fig. 89. Note tergite 9 + surstyli with round-
ed apices. Paired gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly
and posteriorly to lateral remnants of gonal arch. Gonal arch not complete
dorsally, 2 lateral fragments fused to gonites, lateral fragments with pointed
ventral projections connected to aedeagus. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused
to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.88 to 4.08 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where indicated.
Head length 0.85 to 0.92 mm; 1 large pair and 2 to 5 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 1.16 to 1.36 mm; scutellum length 0.71 to
0.75 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.06 to 3.33 mm; width 1.33
to 1.43 mm; distance from h to R x 0.85 to 0.95 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 1.29 to 1.43
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.88 to 1.05 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.37 to 0.44 mm; length
R 4+5 1.70 to 1.94 mm; length M 1+2 0.82 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R x
to R 2 + 3 1.3 to 1.5 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 57. Ventral receptacle as in Fig 125.
Distribution. — Eastern half of United States (Fig. 225).
Specimens examined. — 75 specimens (29 $ $ and 46 2 2 )
from Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Indiana, Louisi-
ana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York,
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and
West Virginia. Collected from March through November.
Parydra (Parydra) vanduzeei (Cresson)
Napaea vanduzeei Cresson, 1933:68-69.
Parydra vanduzeei (Cresson), 1949:241.
Napaea (Napaea) vanduzeei Cresson, Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:226.
Types. — Cresson (1933 and 1949) lists the holotype 2 from
Niagara Falls, New York; July 21, 1913; M. C. Van Duzee; deposited
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia;
and two $ paratypes from East Aurora, New York; July 28, 1912;
M. C. Van Duzee (no deposition site indicated). Cresson also indi-
cates that the holotype and one paratype each have an additional
crossvein in the wings. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) mention
that they have seen one male paratype, "(California Academy of Sci-
ences collection)", and on this basis included it in their key. From
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
64 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
this, one would assume that one or both male paratypes were at the
California Academy of Sciences, but Dr. Paul H. Arnaud of the
Academy assures us that neither of the paratypes is there.
Dr. Arnaud wrote letters to both Sturtevant and Wheeler to see
if these paratypes are in their collection but such was not the case.
Dr. M. R. Wheeler, after mentioning that the paratypes were not in
his collection, wrote that his notes read "Parydra vanduzeei Cr. Para-
type, keys to unituberculata."
The senior author has examined the female holotype and it is
probably an aberrant specimen, at least with regard to wing venation
and perhaps in other ways. The wings have a crossvein near the apex
of R2+3 which joins R2+3 and R4+5. Most characters seem to agree
with those of unituberculata but the scutellar shape (especially the
shape of the apical process), shape of the abdominal sternites
(especially sternite 8), shape of the ventral receptacle, color of facial
pruinosity, and of course the wing venation do not agree with those
of unituberculata. Consequently, the senior author is hesitant in
considering vanduzeei as being conspecific with unituberculata.
It is most unfortunate that the holotype is a female but it is even
more regrettable that the male paratypes are apparently lost. An
examination of the male genitalia would determine definitely the
identity of the paratypes and give additional evidence of the prob-
able identity of the holotype. However, in the absence of such evi-
dence, we feel it best to consider vanduzeei as a distinct species, realiz-
ing that it is most certainly related to and may be ultimately found to
be conspecific with unituberculata.
Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar process
present and large, apical scutellar tubercules distinct, orbital setae long, face
convex when viewed in profile, wings with a crossvein joining R 2+ 3 and R 4+5 .
Description: MALE. — unknown!
FEMALE. — Total body length 4.08 mm; shining black with golden, cop-
pery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity ex-
cept where stated; length 0.82 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocel-
lar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent;
2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity
above, becoming golden below to whitish centrally; 1 large pair of convergent,
inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post-
orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with greyish to golden pruinosity.
Face shining black with grey pruinosity except golden between antennae; con-
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 65
vex when viewed in profile; facial depressions divided into 2 pair, 1 small pair
below antennae and 1 small, transverse pair near first parafacial setae; 1 large
pair and 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with grey pruinosity;
mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with
coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; spots and stripes not appar-
ent; scutum length 1.29 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorso-
central setae with 3 pair longer than others, 1 longer pair at intrascutal suture
and 2 other pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral
and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 pair larger;
2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior
intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming
greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruin-
osity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum shining black with golden to cop-
pery pruinosity; length 0.54 mm; apical process present, short and pointed;
apical tubercules present: apical scutellar setae large; lateral tubercules absent;
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except base and apex of tibiae reddish,
tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; apex of prothoracic tibiae
with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 large,
black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with 1 large, black
anterior seta and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing clouded, darkened areas
around crossveins bounded by white spots, one such spot posterior to medial
crossvein and one near middle of M 1 + 2 ; veins brown; R 2+3 with an appendage
near apex, preceded by a crossvein which connects the R 2+3 with R 4+5 ; length
from humeral crossvein 2.99 mm; width 1.36 mm; distance from h to R t 0.91
mm; R 4 to R 2+ 3 1.22 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.88 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.41
mm; length R 4 + 5 1.73 mm; length M 1 + 2 0.88; costal section from R x to R 2 +3
1.5 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow but capitellum slightly
darker than rest.
Abdomen as in Fig. 58; shining black with greyish pruinosity, becoming
golden on lateral margins of tergites. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 126.
Distribution. — Niagara Falls, New York (Fig. 233).
Specimens examined. — 1 specimen, the holotype female with
data as listed under types.
Subgenus Chaetoapnaea Hendel
Chaetoapnaea Hendel, 1930:150. Type-species Napaea pusilla (Meigen), Hen-
del 1930:149-150. Cresson 1949:232; Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:216.
See generic synonomies!
Diagnosis. — Face straight to concave when head is viewed in profile;
head setae large; scutellum usually lacking tubercules or an apical process;
male genitalia usually with aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme fused, gonites
usually pointed apically, gonal arch usually absent.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
66 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Description. — Generally small (1.43 to 4.28 mm long); shining black
flies with golden, ooppery and greyish pruinosity. Head with ocellar triangle
raised; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small,
divergent; orbital setae large; eyes red, oval; 1 large pair of convergent, inner
vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and
occipitals small. Face straight to concave when head is viewed in profile;
shining black with golden, coppery, greyish, or silvery pruinosity; facial de-
pressions large and long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large
and several smaller pairs of parafacial setae.
Thorax: shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, becoming grey-
ish on lower areas of pleura; often with greyish stripes laterally along dorso-
central setal rows, between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medi-
ally between acrostichal setal rows; often with a white to greyish spot at intra-
scutal suture; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae large, often several pairs of
dorsocentrals are larger than others; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; 2 large
pairs of notopleural setae, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intra-
alar setae; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity;
katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum shining black with golden to coppery
pruinosity; apical process minute or absent; apical tubercules usually absent or
very small; lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae present
and large. Legs black, or black and reddish with greyish pruinosity; apex of
prothoracic tibiae with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae variously setose,
usually with a spur; apex of metathoracic tibiae variously setose anteriorly but
with a posterior comb. Wing usually clouded with darkened areas around
crossveins which usually are bounded by light or white spots; R 2+ 3 often
appendiculate near apex.
Abdomen as in generic description except as follows: Male genitalia
usually with aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme fused; gonites usually pointed
apically; and gonal arch usually absent.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) acuta n.sp.
Types. — Holotype 8 from White River, Mt. Rainier, Washing-
ton, 28 Aug. '34, A. L. Melander. Paratype $ from Berkely Park,
Mt. Rainier, Washington, 23 Aug. 1934, A. L. Melander. The
holotype is deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, and the paratype in that of the U.S. Nation-
al Museum.
Diagnosis. — Tergites 3, 4 and 5 with anterior ventral areas rounded or
somewhat angled; costal section of wing R t to R 2+3 0.6 to 0.8 times distance
from R 2 +3 to R 4 + 5 ; and gonites long, narrow and pointed but not hooked
at apex.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.21 to 2.65 mm; shining black
with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 67
pery pruinosity except where stated; length 0.58 to 0.65 mm; ocellar triangle
raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocel-
lar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex
with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of con-
vergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae;
postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity, ground
color with metallic blue or green reflections. Face shining black with golden
to greyish pruinosity, ground color with metallic blue reflections; straight to
concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to
first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae.
Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Anten-
nae dark brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish
stripes between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; greyish to white spot
at intrascutal suture; scutum length 0.58 to 0.75 mm; many long acrostichal
setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 pair larger at intrascutal suture; 1
long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine;
presuturals long and fine, 1 pair larger; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior
pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with
golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural
setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum
(Fig. 158) shining black with coppery pruinosity; length 0.24 to 0.34 mm;
apical process small, pointed; apical and lateral tubercules absent; apical and
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanter and tarsi dark brown;
legs with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex;
mesothoracic tibiae each without a spur but with 1 or 2 large anterior setae
at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with anterior cluster of brown setae and
a brown, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 201) clouded; darkened areas around
crossvein bounded by white areas, sometimes appearing purplish; one white
spot posterior to medial crossvein; no spot near middle of M 1+2 ; veins brown;
length from humeral crossvein 1.70 to 2.04 mm; width 0.88 to 0.99 mm; dis-
tance from h to R x 0.54 to 0.58 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.68 to 0.88 mm; R 2+3 to
R 4+5 0.51 to 0.58 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.31 mm; length of R 4+5 1.02 to 1.29
mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.54 to 0.68 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 0.6 to
0.8 times distance from R 2+3 to R44-3; halteres brownish yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 24; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2
through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 90. Note the long, pointed, paired gonites;
fused to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus long and pointed
at apex, fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Unknown!
Distribution. — Western Washington (Fig. 229).
Specimens examined 2 specimens (both $ S), the holotype
paratype with data as previously mentioned under types.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
68 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) appendiculata Loew
Parydra appendiculata Loew, 1878:202-203.
Napaea appendiculata (Loew), Cresson 1949:230-231.
Napaea (Napaea) appendiculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:222.
Type. — This species was described from a single female speci-
men bearing the labels Texas, Febr., Loew Coll., and Type 11167.
This holotype 2 is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+ 3 1.4 to 1.7 times
distance from R 2 +3 to R 4+5 . Male with tergite 9 + surstyli rounded mid-
ventrally; gonites rounded apically; aedeagus with hooked apex and a large
posterior opening. Female abdomen with sternite 5 round to oval; sternites 6,
7 and 8 subequal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting of a single
median sclerite without a posterior notch, convex posteriorly.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.24 to 2.48 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
pery pruinosity except as mentioned; length 0.47 to 0.54 mm; ocellar triangle
raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and post-
ocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; ver-
tex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of
convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae;
postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face
shining black with coppery pruinosity; straight to concave when viewed in
profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1
large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery
pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark brown to black
with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes lat-
erally along dorsocentral setal rows and between acrostichal and dorsocentral
setal rows; faint greyish spot at intrascutal suture; scutum length 0.54 to 0.65
mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 1 pair larger at
intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral
setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of
notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae;
pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below;
1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepister-
nal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 159) shining black with coppery pruinosity;
length 0.27 to 0.31 mm; apical process absent; apical and lateral tubercules
absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters
and tarsi dark reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae
with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3
large, black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 69
cluster of black setae and a posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 202) clouded; dark-
ened areas around crossveins bounded by faint whitish spots; one whitish spot
posterior to medial crossvein; R 2+3 usually appendiculate near apex and
usually with a darkened area around the appendage or at apex of R 2 +3, not
bounded by whitish spots; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.67 to
1.84 mm; width 0.75 to 0.78 mm; distance from h to R x 0.48 to 0.54 mm; R x
to R 2+3 0.71 to 0.78 mm; R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 0.44 to 0.51 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2
0.20 to 0.24 mm; length R 4+5 0.99 to 1.09 mm; length M 1+2 0.58 to 0.61
mm; costal section from ^ to R 2+3 1.4 to 1.7 times distance from R 2+3 to
R4+5; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 25 except where noted; shining black with coppery
pruinosity anteriorly, greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5
continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent.
Sternite 2 somewhat variable, anterior "V" notch with a constriction near the
anterior end or near middle, sometimes narrower at posterior, posterior round-
ed or truncate. Genitalia as in Fig. 91. Note the paired gonites with round-
ed apices, connected anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus
with hooked apex, large posterior opening, fused at base to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.35 to 3.16 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except as indicated.
Head length 0.58 to 0.65 mm; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 0.65 to 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to
0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.94 to 2.21 mm; width 0.82
to 0.95 mm; distance from h to R x 0.54 to 0.61 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.88 to 1.02
mm; R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 0.54 to 0.65 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1+2 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length
R 4+5 1.16 to 1.33 mm; length M 1 + 2 0.65 to 0.71 mm; costal section from R x
to R 2+3 1.5 to 1.7 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5.
Abdomen as in Fig. 59 except sternite 2 somewhat variable, anterior "V"
notch, sometimes with constriction at middle of sclerite and narrower posteri-
orly, blunt to truncate posterior. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 127.
Distribution. — Western Mexico, throughout U.S. except the
southeast, and in Canada (Fig. 229).
Specimens examined. — 1 , 1 44 specimens (555 $ $ and 589
2 ? ) from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kan-
sas, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin,
Wyoming, Baja California, Sonora, Labrador, Manitoba, Northwest
Territory, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan and Yukon. Collected
all months of the year.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) arctica n. sp.
Types. — - Holotype 8 and 1 $ paratype from Canada, NWT,
70 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Salmita Mines, 64°05'N., 111°15'W M both collected by J. G. Chill-
cot. The holotype was collected 16.VI.1953 and the paratype 12.
VI. 195 3. Both deposited in the Canadian National Collection at
Ottawa. In addition, there are 10 other paratypes. 1 $ and 2 9 2
from Cambridge Bay, NWT, Canada 18.VI.1950, E. H. N. Smith;
1 $ with same data but collected 7.VIII.1950; 1 8 and 1 2 from
Coral Harbour, Southampton Is., NWT, Canada, P. R. Ehrlich, $
collected 10.VI.1952 and ? 17.VI.1952; 1 6 from Frobisher Bay,
Baffin Island, Canada, 9.VIII.1948, F. G. Di Labio; and all are
deposited in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa. Two para-
types (1 S and 1 2 ) are from Aklavik, NWT, Canada, May 18,
1931, Bryant, Lot 212, and the $ is deposited in the U.S. National
Museum while the ? is deposited in the collection of the California
Academy of Science at San Francisco. The remaining paratype $
is from Aklavik, NWT, Canada, Sept. 12, 1930, Bryant, Lot 142,
and is deposited in the California Academy of Science Collection.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R t to R 2 +3 1-6 to 2.3 times
distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+ 5. Male with tergite 9 + surstyli rounded mid-
ventrally; gonites broad, flat, rounded or pointed apically; aedeagus with apex
blunt and forked, large anterior opening, sometimes a small posterior opening,
when viewed from the posterior the sides converge abruptly at base and slowly
at apex. Female abdomen with sternite 8 consisting of a single median sclerite
without a posterior notch, much wider than sternite 6 or 7: ventral receptacle
with cap being about Vz total length of receptacle.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.58 to 2.72 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
pery pruinosity except where stated; length 0.58 to 0.61 mm; ocellar triangle
raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar
setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and 2 or 3 small pairs of orbital setae; eyes
red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1
large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior
vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruin-
osity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity, straight to concave when
viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first para-
facial seta; 1 large pair and 3 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with
golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown
to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish spot
at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorsocentral
setal rows; scutum length 0.58 to 0.68 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many
long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intra-
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 71
scutal suture and 1 pair further posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae;
humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1
larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of
posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden puinosity above, be-
coming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish
pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 160) shining black
with coppery pruinosity, length 0.27 to 0.31 mm, apical process absent, apical
and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all
black or very dark brown with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long
yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with 3 black anterior setae, no
spur at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with 3 black anterior setae and a
yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 203) clouded, slightly darkened areas
around crossveins; no white spots; veins dark brown to black; length from
humeral crossvein 1.70 to 2.11 mm; width 0.78 to 0.88 mm; distance from h
to R x 0.48 to 0.51 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.75 to 1.02 mm; R 2 + 3 to R 4 + 5 0.48 to
0.58 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.24 mm; length R 4+5 1.02 to 1.29 mm; length
M 1+2 0.61 to 0.78 mm; costal section from JH X to R 2+ 3 1.6 to 1.9 times dis-
tance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 ; halteres brown, slightly darker capitellum.
Abdomen as in Fig. 26; shining black with golden pruinosity anteriorly,
becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous
dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as
in Fig. 92. Note the paired gonites which may be broad, flat with posteriorly
curved, pointed apices as in Fig. 92 or with rounded, slightly curved apices;
connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus with blunt,
forked apex; large anterior opening; sometimes a small posterior opening;
fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.79 to 3.03 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where specified.
Head length 0.61 to 0.68 mm; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 small pairs of
parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 0.68 to 0.78 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to
0.31 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.87 to 2.17 mm; width 0.85
to 0.99 mm; distance from h to R x 0.51 to 0.61 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.95 to 1.02
mm; R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 0.44 to 0.58 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length
of R 4+5 1.09 to 1.36 mm; length of M 1+2 0.65 to 0.82 mm; costal section
from Rj to R 2 + 3 1.8 to 2.3 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 60 except where mentioned. Sternites 7 and 8
somewhat variable; sternite 7 with or without an anterior notch, posterior
truncate or with a deep notch; sternite 8 either with "V" shaped or "U"
shaped, broad, anterior notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 128.
Distribution. — Far northern North America (Fig. 229).
Specimens examined. — 12 specimens (8 S S and 4 ? 2 ) in-
cluding the holotype $ and 11 paratypes with data as listed previ-
ously for types.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
72 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) borealis (Cresson)
Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) borealis Cresson, 1949:235-236.
Napaea (Napaea) borealis (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:223.
Types. — This species was described by Cresson from a holotype
8 , 5 paratypes (I $ and 4 5 2), and 2 female specimens he con-
sidered to be conspecific with the types. The senior author has exam-
ined the holotype and one paratype (listed below). Cresson made
no mention of where the paratypes were deposited. The senior author
has observed specimens not bearing paratype labels but with identi-
cal data labels as the paratypes in question and these may or may not
be the paratypes Cresson mentioned. The holotype 8 bears the
labels; Priest Lake, Idaho, 1 Aug. '16, A. L. Melander, Type, Napaea
borealis, E. T. Cresson, Jr., and #1124. The paratype 2 that has
been observed has the labels Ilwaco, Washington, July 1917, A. L.
Melander, and a paratype label. This paratype and the holotype are
deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R0 + 3 1.1 to 1.7 times
distance from R L »_i_ 8 to R 4 + 5. Male with tergite 9 + surstyli with or without a
deep cleft; gonal arch absent; aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
Female abdomen with sternite 5 subtriangular, usually with an anterior notch;
sternite 6, 7 and 8 subequal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting
only of a large median sclerite without a deep posterior notch, blunt to con-
vex anteriorly, slight concavity on posterior lateral margins of each side; ven-
tral receptacle with rounded cap, internal fold of cap not constricted near top,
cap about 2/3 length of receptacle.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.75 to 3.23 mm; shining
black with coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery
pruinosity except as specified; length 0.68 to 0.71 mm; ocellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with cop-
pery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent,
inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post-
orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with coppery pruinosity. Face shin-
ing black with coppery, golden or greyish pruinosity, straight to concave when
viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first para-
facial setae; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus
with coppery, golden or greyish pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruin-
osity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black,
somewhat plumose.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 73
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; distinct white spot at in-
trascutal suture; faint greyish stripes, laterally along dorsocentral setal row,
between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrosti-
chal setal rows; scutum length 0.71 to 0.85 mm; many long acrostichal setae;
many long dorsocentral setae with 1 longer pair at intraseutal suture; 1 long
pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; pre-
suturals long and fine, 1 pair larger; 2 pairs of notopleurals, posterior pah-
larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with
golden to coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of
mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent.
Scutellum (Fig. 161) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.31 to
0.41 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs mostly black except trochanters reddish,
sometimes apex of femur and base and apex of tibiae reddish, tarsi usually
nearly black but sometimes dark reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity;
prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; apex of mesothoracic tibiae
each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with
an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig.
204) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by white spots; one
white spot posterior to posterior crossvein; veins brown; length from humeral
crossvein 2.14 to 2.52 mm; width 1.02 to 1.16 mm; distance from h to R x
0.58 to 0.68 mm; Rj to R 2+3 0.95 to 1.05 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.61 to 0.82
mm; R 4+3 to M 1 + 2 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of R 4+5 1.26 to 1.43 mm; length
of M 1 + 2 0.71 to 0.75 mm; costal section from R t to R 2+3 1.2 to 1.7 times dis-
tance from R 2+3 to R 4 _|_r,; halteres yellow with brownish or greyish capitellum.
Abdomen as in Fig. 27 except where noted; shining black with golden to
coppery pruinosity, becoming greyish on posterior lateral margins of tergites.
Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites
6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 1 absent or consisting of 2 small circular frag-
ments. Genitalia as in Fig. 93. Tergite 9 + surstyli may be with a deep cleft
as in Fig. 93 or without as in Fig. 94. Note (Fig. 93) the short, paired
gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent.
Aedeagus long with rounded apex, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.33 to 3.94 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where indicated.
Head length 0.78 to 0.92 mm; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 0.85 to 0.95 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to
0.48 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.21 to 2.92 mm; width 1.12
to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R x 0.61 to 0.92 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.92 to 1.26
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.65 to 0.92 mm; R 4 + 3 to M 1 + 2 0.34 to 0.37 mm; length
of R 4+5 1.26 to 1.70 mm; length of M 1+2 0.68 to 1.02 mm: costal section
from R x to R 2+ 3 1.1 to 1.5 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4 _|_ 5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 61 except where mentioned. Sternite 1 very small,
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
74 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
short and wide, or absent. Sternites 3 and 5 sometimes with a small anterior
notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 129.
Distribution Pacific Northwest, northern U.S. and southern
Canada (Fig. 234).
Specimens examined. — 15 specimens, (9 S $ and 6 9 2 ) in-
cluding the holotype and one paratype, with the following data:
Holotype S , #1124, Priest Lake, Idaho, 1 Aug. '16, A. L. Melander;
1 paratype 2, Ilwaco, Wash., July 1917, A. L. Melander; 1 2,
Berkely Park, Mt. Rainier, Washington, 23 Aug. 1934, A. L. Mel-
ander; 1 2 , Toledo, Washington, 27 June '35, A. L. Melander; 1 2 ,
Corvallis, Oregon, May 10, 1936, N. P. Larson; 1 8 , 10 mi. SE,
Anchorage, Alaska, 8 IV 48, R. I. Sailer; 1 S , Isle Royale, Michi-
gan, Aug. 3-7, 1936, C. Sabrosky; 1 s , Stinson Lake, White Mts.,
New Hampshire, 23 July 1961, W. W. Wirth; 1 S , Frankonia, New
Hampshire, Mrs. Slosson; 2 S $ and 1 2 , Terrace, B. C, Canada,
2.VIII.1960, W. R. Richards; 1 $ and 1 2 , Cypress Hills, Sask.,
Canada, 26.V.1955, J. R. Vockeroth; and IS, Thunder Bay,
Quebec, Canada, 11. VI. 1929, W. J. Brown.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) copis n. sp.
Types. — Holotype <$ from Everett, Washington, 4 July 1924,
A. L. Melander and 3 $ paratypes from the following localities;
Adna, Wash., July 10, 1917, A. L. Melander; Lk. Crescent, Pied-
mont, Wash., July 26, 1917, A. L. Melander; and Vashon, Wash.,
May 28, 1917, A. L. Melander; all deposited in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Also 2 S paratypes
from Lake Cushman, Wash., 22 July '17, A. L. Melander; and
Marshfield, Oregon, 14 Sept. 34, A. L. Melander; both deposited in
the U.S. National Museum.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.2 to 1.4 times
distance from R 2 +3 to R 4+5 ; anterior- ventral areas of tergites rounded or
somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites long, narrow, pointed,
tapering gradually and evenly from base to apex, not sharply curved at apex;
aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme not fused; and aedeagus narrow when viewed
from above, with a deep apical groove, knife or sheath-like in profile view.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.23 to 4.05 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden, and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
pery pruinosity except where indicated; length 0.82 to 0.85 mm; ocellar tri-
angle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 75
postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval;
vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of
convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical
setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden or coppery
pruinosity, white or greyish below eye. Face shining black with coppery,
golden and greyish pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile;
facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair
and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden, coppery,
or greyish pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark,
brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; distinct white spot at intra-
scutal suture; faint greyish stripe laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, be-
tween acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medially between acrosti-
chal setal rows; scutum length 0.82 to 0.88 mm; many long acrostichal setae;
many long dorsocentral setae with 1 pair larger at intrascutal suture; 1 long
pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; pre-
suturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior
pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with
coppery to golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of
mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent.
Scutellum (Fig. 162) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.48 to
0.51 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical
and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, base and apex
of tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic
tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; apex of mesothoracic tibiae each with a
spur and 2 or 3 black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with anterior
cluster of black setae and yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 205) clouded,
darkened areas around crossveins bounded by white spots; one white spot
posterior to posterior crossvein; vein R 2+3 appendiculate near apex; veins
brown: length from humeral crossvein 2.52 to 2.65 mm; width 1.19 to 1.29
mm; distance from h to R t 0.68 to 0.75 mm; R^ to R 2+ 3 1-02 to 1.12 mm;
R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 0.75 to 0.85 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.34 to 0.37 mm; length of
R 4 + 5 1.50 to 1.60 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.71 to 0.78 mm; costal section from
R t to R 2 + 3 1.2 to 1.4 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 28; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 95. Note the long, narrow, pointed gonites
fused anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus laterally com-
pressed, knife or sheath-like in side view, fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Coastal area of Pacific Northwest (Fig. 226).
Specimens examined. — 6 $ specimens including holotype and
5 paratypes. Localities as listed previously under types.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC. 27
76 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Parydra (Chaeloapnaea) halteralis (Cresson)
Males of this species can be divided into two groups on the basis
of the shape of the aedeagus which, in one form, appears to be cor-
related with the locality from which it was collected. Consequently,
the senior author has chosen to retain these two forms as subspecies
of P. halteralis.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R0+3 1.6 to 2.1 times
distance from R9 + 3 to R 4+5 . Male with anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3,
4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites
long, narrow, pointed at apex, tapering gradually and evenly from base to
apex, not sharply curved at apex; and aedeagus gouge-like in side view, nar-
row when viewed from above, having a deep apical groove. Female with
sternite 8 consisting of a large, subtrapezoidal, median sclerite and one small,
oval, lateral sclerite on each side; and ventral receptacle large, cap being
about 1/9 the total length of abdomen.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.11 to 2.86 mm; shining black
with coppery, brassy, golden, silvery, and greyish pruinosity. Head shining
black with golden to brassy pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.54 to
0.58 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent;
interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital
setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery to brassy pruinosity above, becoming
golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of
divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black
with golden to brassy pruinosity. Face shining black with silvery pruinosity;
straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from
antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae. Clypeus with silvery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish
pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with brassy pruinosity; arista
black, somewhat plumose.
Thorax shining black with brassy to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish spot
at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal row
and between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows: no greyish stripe between
acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.61 to 0.68 mm; many long acrostichal
setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs larger than others, 1 pair at
intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae;
humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1
larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of
posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with brassy pruinosity above be-
coming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish
pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 163) shining black
with brassy pruinosity, length 0.24 to 0.34 mm, apical process absent, apical
and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all
black or dark brown with brassy and greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 77
with long yellow setae at apex; apex of mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur
and 2 or 3 black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with anterior
cluster of yellow setae and yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 206) slightly
clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by faint white spots; 1
faint white spot posterior to posterior crossvein; veins R 2 _|_3 and M 1+2 bound-
ed by darkened areas near apices; apex of R 2+3 appendiculate; veins dark
brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.07 to 2.41 mm; width 0.95 to 1.09
mm; distance from h to R x 0.51 to 0.61 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.99 to 1.19 mm;
R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.54 to 0.61 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of
R 4 + 5 1.26 to 1.43 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.68 to 0.75 mm; costal section from
Rj to R 2+3 1.6 to 1.9 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 ; halteres dark brown.
Abdomen as in Fig. 30; shining black with brassy pruinosity. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Figs. 96 or 97. Note the paired gonites with
pointed apices, connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent.
Aedeagus narrow and gouge-like, either tapering evenly to apex (Fig. 96)
or becoming much wider near apex (Fig. 97), with deep apical groove, fused
to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.69 to 2.82 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where specified.
Head length 0.58 to 0.65 mm; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 0.71 to 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to
0.34 mm. Wing with or without R 2+3 being appendiculate; length from
humeral crossvein 2.28 to 2.52 mm; width 0.99 to 1.09 mm; distance from
h to R x 0.61 to 0.65 mm; ^ to R 2 + 3 1.12 to 1.26 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.58
to 0.65 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of R 4+5 1.39 to 1.53
mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.75 to 0.85 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.7
to 2.1 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5.
Abdomen as in Fig. 63 except where noted. Sternite 1 absent or con-
sisting of 2 small, round fragments. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 130.
Distribution. — Western United States (Fig. 226).
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) halteralis halteralis (Cresson)
Napaea halteralis Cresson, 1930:81; Cresson 1949:230; Sturtevant and
Wheeler 1954:220.
Types. — In the original description, Cresson mentions a holo-
type $ ; Type No. 6369 from Pullman, Washington; October 17,
1915; (A. L. Melander) and "two topotypical females collected May
12 and June 15, I consider to be paratypic with the type". The
senior author has examined the holotype and the May 1 2 female men-
tioned by Cresson but this female bears an allotype label of which
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
78 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Cresson makes no mention. The holotype and allotype are deposited
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
and the whereabouts of the June 15 female is unknown.
Diagnosis. — This subspecies can be distinguished from joaquinensis by
the slender aedeagus, thickened in the apical one-third; widely distributed in
western United States.
Description: MALE.- — As in the species description except total body
length 2.11 to 2.69 mm.
Head length 0.54 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.61 to 0.68 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to
0.31 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.07 to 2.14 mm; width 0.99
mm; distance from h to R^ 0.51 to 0.58 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.99 mm; R 2+3
to R 4+5 0.61 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 mm; length of R 4+5 1.26 to 1.29 mm;
length of M 1 + 2 0.71 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.6 times distance
from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen with Genitalia as in Figs. 96 and 97 but aedeagus as in Fig.
97. Note the thickened portion of the aedeagus in its apical one-third.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.75 to 2.82 mm; remainder as in males
except where mentioned.
Head length 0.58 to 0.65 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.71 to 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to
0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.28 to 2.38 mm; width 0.99
to 1.05 mm; distance from h to R x 0.61 to 0.65 mm; R a to R 2+3 1.12 mm;
R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.58 to 0.65 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length of
R4+5 1-39 to 1.43 mm; length of M 1+2 0.75 to 0.78 mm; costal section from
Ri to R 2+3 1.7 to 1.9 times distance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in species description except sternite 1 always present, con-
sisting of two, small, round fragments.
Distribution. — Western U.S. (Fig. 226).
Specimens examined. — 14 specimens (4 8 8 and 10 5 2 ) in-
cluding the holotype 8 and allotype with their data as mentioned
previously under types. The data on the remaining 12 specimens are
as follows: 2 8 8, Miller Can., Huachuca Mts., Arizona, 1.V.48,
A. L. Melander; 1 2 , Garden Vly., Eldorado Co., California, V.3.
1952, E. I. Schlinger; 1 2, Mammoth Lakes, California, VII.29.
1940, L. J. Lipovsky; 1 2 , Tehachapi, California, 15 Mar. '35, Mel-
ander; 1 2 , Moores Lake, Idaho, VI. 10.07; 1 2 , Moscow Mt., Idaho,
29 June 1918, A. L. Melander; 1 2 , La R., Pyramid Lake, Nevada,
March 28, 1952; 2 2 2, Tajique, New Mexico, VI.25.40, D. E.
Hardy; 1 8 , Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, May 25, 1937, Bryant, Lot
41; and 1 2 with the same data as holotype but without a collector.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 79
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) halteralis joaquinensis n. sub. sp.
Types. — Holotype S and 3 paratypes (2 $ $ and 1 2) from
San Joaquin Expt. Stat., Madera Co., California, 11.22.53, P. D.
Hurd. The holotype and 1 2 paratype deposited in the collection of
the University of California, Berkeley, California and 2 8 paratypes
deposited in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.
Diagnosis. - — This subspecies is distinguishable from halteralis by the
slender evenly shaped aedeagus, not thickened in the apical one-third; ap-
parently confined to the San Joaquin Valley of California.
Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body
length 2.18 to 2.86 mm.
Head length 0.54 to 0.58 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.65 to 0.68 mm; scutellum length 0.24 to
0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.11 to 2.41 mm; width
0.95 to 1.09 mm; distance from h to R x 0.58 to 0.61 mm; R t to R 2 + 3
0.99 to 1.19 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.54 to 0.61 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to
0.34 mm; length of R 4 + 5 1.29 to 1.43 mm; length of M 1+2 0.68 to 0.75
mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.7 to 1.9 times distance from R 2+3
to R 4+5 .
Abdomen with Genitalia as in Fig. 96. Note the uniformly shaped
aedeagus in its apical one-third, not thickened as in Fig. 97.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.69 mm; remainder as in males except
where stated.
Head length 0.61 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.34 mm. Wing
length from humeral crossvein 2.52 mm; width 1.09 mm; distance from h
to R t 0.61 mm; Rj to R 2+3 1.26 mm; R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 0.61 mm; R 4+5 to
M 1 + 2 0.34 mm; length of R 4 + 5 1.53 mm; length of M 1+2 0.85 mm; costal
section from R x to R 2+3 2.1 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in species description except sternite 1 absent.
Distribution. — San Joaquin Valley of California.
Specimens examined. — 4 specimens (3 S S and 12) with data
as listed for holotype and paratypes.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) hamata n. sp.
Types. — Holotype 8 from Desert Edge, San Diego Co., Cali-
fornia, Apr. 15, '18, M. C. Van Duzee, with "var." label, deposited
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Also, 1 $ paratype from Deep Springs Lake, Inyo Co., California,
IH.9.1966, T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth; and 1 2 paratype from
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
80 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Temecula, Riverside Co., California, V.25.65, T. W. Fisher. Both
paratypes are deposited in the collection of the University of Cali-
fornia, Riverside, California.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+ 3 1.9 to 2.1 times
distance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+5 . Male with tergite 9 + surstyli acutely angled
midventrally; apex of gonites broad, flat and rounded; aedeagus blunt but with
posterior, projecting hooks. Female abdomen with sternites 6, 7 and 8 sub-
equal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median
sclerite, without a posterior notch, blunt to convex anteriorly with a slight
concavity on the posterior lateral margin of each side.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 3.84 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
pery pruinosity except where noted; length 0.78 mm; ocellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with
coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent,
inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post-
orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with greyish pruinosity. Face shining
black with coppery pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile;
facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair
and 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity;
moufhparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark brown to black with cop-
pery pruinosity; arista brown to black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; small, greyish to white
spot at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorso-
central setal rows; coppery stripe between acrostichal setal rows; scutum
length 1.02 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae
with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 1 pair
farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral
setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of
notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae;
pleura shining black with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below;
1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepis-
ternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 164) shining black with coppery pruin-
osity. length 0.37 to 0.48 mm; apical process small, appearing as a small
bump or point; apical tubercules small, if present; lateral tubercules absent;
apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs mostly black except trochanter,
apex of femur, apex and base of tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with
greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long reddish setae at apex; meso-
thoracic tibiae each with a large spur and 4 black anterior setae at apex; apex
of metathoracic tibiae with 3 black anterior setae and a yellow posterior
comb. Wing (Fig. 207) clear, slightly darkened areas around crossveins; no
white spots; R 2+ 3 with or without appendage near apex; veins brown; length
from humeral crossvein 2.86 to 3.06 mm; width 1.19 to 1.29 mm; distance
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 81
from h to R x 0.82 to 0.85 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.43 to 1.56 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5
0.68 to 0.82 mm; R 4+g to M 1+2 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length of R 4+5 1.67 to 1.84
mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.95 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R 4 to R 2+3 1.9 to
2.1 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 29; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 98. Note the paired gonites with broad, flat,
rounded apices; connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent.
Aedeagus blunt, with posteriorly projecting hooks, fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.91 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings
as in males except where specified.
Head length 0.92 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 1.09 mm; scutellum length 0.54 mm. Wing
length from humeral crossvein 3.13 mm; width 1.33 mm; distance from h to
Ri 0.85 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 1.67 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.82 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.37
mm; length of R 4+5 1.90 mm; length of M 1 + 2 1.09 mm; costal section from R t
to R 2+3 2.0 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 62. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 131.
Distribution. — Extreme southwestern U.S. (Fig. 230).
Specimens examined. — 3 specimens (2 S S and 1 9 ), the holo-
type $ and two paratypes, with data as listed under types.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) lingulata n. sp.
Types. — Holotype S and 29 paratypes (14 S 8 and 15 2 2 )
from Emerald Lake, Gunnison Co., Colorado, VIII.27.1961, D. L.
Deonier, in wet meadow. The holotype and 29 paratypes are de-
posited in the collection of Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.7 to 2.1 times
distance from R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 . Males with anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3,
4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites
long, narrow, pointed, tapering gradually and evenly from base to apex, not
hooked or sharply curved at apex; aedeagus broad and flat when viewed from
above, having a shallow apical groove. Female abdomen with sternite 8 con-
sisting of a large, trapezoidal (not triangular), median sclerite and one, small,
oval, lateral sclerite on each side; ventral receptacle small, cap about 1/14
length of abdomen.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.24 to 2.38 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden, and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
pery pruinosity except as indicated; length 0.51 mm; ocellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with cop-
pery pruinosity above and below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
82 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipi-
tals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with greyish
pruinosity, appearing somewhat brassy; face straight to ooncave when viewed
in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta;
1 large pair and 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with greyish
pruinosity, appearing somewhat brassy; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity.
Antennae dark brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, some-
what plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; no white spot at intrascutal
suture; very faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, and
between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; scutum length 0.51 to 0.55
mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 1 larger at
intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral
setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of
notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae;
pleura shining black with light golden, almost greyish, pruinosity; 1 large pair
of mesopleural setae; sternum with light golden, almost greyish, pruinosity;
katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 165) shining black with coppery
pruinosity, length 0.24 to 0.27 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral
tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black with
greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; meso-
thoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of
metathoracic tibiae with anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior
comb. Wing (Fig. 208) lightly clouded, darkened areas around crossveins
bounded by very faint whitish spots; veins dark brown; length from humeral
crossvein 1.73 to 1.80 mm; width 0.85 to 0.88 mm; distance from h to R 4
0.41 to 0.44 mm; R 4 to R 2+3 0.85 to 0.92 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.44 to 0.51
mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of R 4+5 1.05 to 1.09 mm; length
of M 1 + 2 0.65 mm; costal section from R 4 to R 2+3 1.7 to 2.1 times distance
from Ro-t-3 to R 4+5 ; halteres dark brown.
Abdomen as in Fig. 31; shining black with light golden to greyish pruin-
osity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures;
tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 99. Note paired gonites with
pointed apices, connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent.
Aedeagus broad and flat with shallow apical notch or groove, fused to aedeagal
apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.45 to 2.89 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except as noted.
Head length 0.54 to 0.61 mm; 1 large pair and 4 smaller pairs of para-
facial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 0.58 to 0.65 mm; scutellum length 0.24 to
0.27 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.80 to 1.94 mm; width 0.75
to 0.92 mm; distance from h to R x 0.44 to 0.51 mm; R x to R 2 + 3 0.92 mm;
R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.44 to 0.51 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of
R 4 + 3 1.09 to 1.12 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.65 to 0.68 mm; costal section from
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 83
Ri to R2+3 1-8 to 2.1 times distance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 64 except sternite 1 may be absent or consist of two,
small, oval fragments. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 132.
Distribution Southwestern U.S. (Fig. 226;.
Specimens examined. — 34 specimens (15 8 S and 19 9 $ ), in-
cluding the holotype 6 and 29 paratypes with data as listed under
types. The 4 remaining females have the following data: Deadman
Pass, 10856', California, 25.6.53, A. L. Melander; Harry Creek,
Marshall Pass, Colorado, 9000'- 10850', 16-18 Sept. '17; Marshall
Pass, Colorado, July 28, '08, J. M. A., IVG 2 ; and Ruidoso, New
Mexico, VI.26.1940, L. C. Kuiteri.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) parasocia n. sp.
Types. — Holotype $ and 44 paratypes (34 S $ and 10 5 J)
from Sidney, Iowa, May 2, 1946, D. E. Hardy. All types deposited
in the collection of Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2 +s 1-2 to 1.4 times
distance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+5 ; metatibiae each with 1 or 2 very large spines on
anteroventral apex, one of which extends beyond apex of tibia. Male with
anterior- ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled,
without finger-like processes; gonites long, narrow, pointed, tapering unevenly,
taper in basal half more abrupt, distal half thus very long and slender, not
hooked or sharply curved at apex; aedeagus with large, flat, keeled apex.
Female with subtriangular sternite 5; sternites 6, 7 and 8 subequal in width to
other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median sclerite without
posterior notch, with a slight concavity on the posterior lateral margins of
each side; rounded cap of ventral receptacle with the internal fold constricted
near top, cap about 3/4 length of receptacle.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.65 to 2.96 mm; shining black
with golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruin-
osity except where specified; length 0.61 to 0.75 mm; ©cellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with
golden pruinosity above and below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical
setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipi-
tals small; gena black with greyish pruinosity. Face shining black with golden
pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long,
from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller
pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with
greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity;
arista black, somewhat plumose.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
84 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; no greyish spot at intra-
scutal suture; very faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows,
and between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.71 to
0.75 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 2 pairs
larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1
long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine;
presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior
pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with
golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural
setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum
(Fig. 166) shining black with golden pruinosity; length 0.31 to 0.34 mm;
apical process very small, appearing as a small bump; apical and lateral tuber-
cules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs mostly black except
apex of coxa, trochanter and apex and base of tibia reddish; tarsi yellowish
to reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long
yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior
setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with 1 or 2 large black
anterior setae, one of which extends beyond apex (Fig. 183), and a yellow
posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 209) clear to very lightly clouded, slightly dark-
ened areas around crossveins, sometimes bounded by faint whitish spots;
R 2+3 usually without an appendage at apex; veins dark brown; length from
humeral crossvein 2.07 to 2.41 mm; width 0.95 to 1.09 mm; distance from h
to R 4 0.65 to 0.68 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.95 to 1.02 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.68 to
0.85 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of R 4+5 1.39 to 1.53 mm;
length of M 1+2 0.78 to 0.85 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+ 3 1.2 to 1.4
times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+3 ; halteres yellow to light brown.
Abdomen as in Fig. 32; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 100. Note paired gonites which are long, nar-
row, pointed and taper more abrupt in basal half; connected to sternite 5
anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus with large, keeled apex, fused to
aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.03 to 3.23 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where mentioned.
Head length 0.65 to 0.71 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.75 to 0.85 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to
0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.41 to 2.58 mm; width 0.99
to 1.12 mm; distance from h to R x 0.68 to 0.75 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.02 to
1.09 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.71 to 0.82 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 to 0.31 mm;
length of R 4 + 5 1.39 to 1.56 mm; length of M 1+2 0.82 to 0.88 mm; costal sec-
tion from R x to R 2+3 1.3 to 1.4 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 65. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 133.
Distribution Northern North America (Fig. 230).
Specimens examined 410 specimens (185 $ S and 255 9 2 ),
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 85
including the holotype $ and 44 paratypes, collected from Alaska,
California, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Min-
nesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South
Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Alberta, British Columbia,
Manitoba, Northwest Territory, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and
Saskatchewan. Collected every month from February through
November except March.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) paullula Loew
Parydra paullula Loew, 1862:167-168; Coquillett 1900:462.
Napaea {Chaetoapnaea) paullula (Loew), Cresson 1949:232-233.
Napaea {Napaea) paullula (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:224; Dahl
1961:39.
Type. — Loew, in the original description of P. paullula, men-
tions only a 9 with no locality. Cresson (1949) mentions that the
type appears to be an immature male, not a female, and is labeled
"Middle States". The senior author's examination of the type con-
firms Cresson's belief that the specimen is a male. The type which is
teneral, bears the data Middle St., Type 11171, Loew Coll., and is
deposited in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from Rj to R 2+ 3 1-0 to 1.3 times
distance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+5 . Male with tergites 3, 4 and 5 having the
anterior-ventral areas elongated into finger-like processes; tergite 9 + surstyli
rounded or curving slightly towards the midventral line; gonites long, narrow,
and pointed, not hooked; aedeagus "S" shaped with rounded hook at tip.
Female abdomen with sternite 8 consisting of a large median sclerite and one
small lateral sclerite on each side.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 1.43 to 2.11 mm; shining black
with coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin-
osity except as specified; length 0.44 to 0.48 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3
round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with cop-
pery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent,
inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post-
orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with greyish pruinosity. Face shining
black with greyish pruinosity above, becoming golden below; straight to con-
cave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to
first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae.
Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Anten-
nae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
86 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity, without faint greyish
stripes or spots; scutum length 0.44 to 0.54 mm; many long acrostichal setae;
many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at
intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar
setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and
fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large
pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to coppery
pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 2 large pairs of mesopleural setae,
upper pair largest; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent.
Scutellum (Fig. 167) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.17 to
0.20 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical
and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs entirely dark brown to black with grey-
ish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic
tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of meta-
thoracic tibiae with a cluster of black anterior setae and a yellow posterior
comb. Wing (Fig. 210) lightly clouded, slightly darkened areas around cross-
veins bounded by clear to whitish spots, no spot posterior to posterior cross-
vein; veins dark brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.46 to 1.70 mm;
width 0.58 to 0.82 mm; distance from h to R t 0.34 to 0.37 mm; Rj to R 2+3
0.51 to 0.68 mm; R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 0.51 to 0.58 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.20 to 0.27
mm; length of R 4+5 0.85 to 1.02 mm; length of M 1+2 0.48 to 0.65 mm;
costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.0 to 1.3 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+ s;
hal teres dark brown.
Abdomen as in Fig. 33 except where indicated, shining black with greyish
pruincsity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral
sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 1 absent or consisting of 2 small,
round fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 101. Note the long, narrow, paired
gonites with pointed apices; connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch
absent. Aedeagus "S" shaped with a rounded, hooked tip; fused to aedeagal
apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 1.90 to 2.28 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where noted.
Head length 0.48 to 0.51 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.48 to 0.54 mm; scutellum length 0.20 to
0.24 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.53 to 1.90 mm; width 0.68
to 0.88 mm; distance from h to R x 0.37 to 0.44 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.58 to 0.82
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.58 to 0.65 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.24 mm; length of
R 4 + 5 0.88 to 1.19 mm; length of M 1+2 0.51 to 0.71 mm; costal section from
R l to R 2 + :i 1-0 to 1.3 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4 _|_ 3 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 66. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 134.
Distribution Northern North America (Fig. 233).
Specimens examined 54 specimens (28 $ S and 26 2 5 ) in-
cluding the holotype 6 , from Alaska, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachu-
setts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 87
Wisconsin, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territory, On-
tario, and Quebec. Collected from March through October.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) pedalis n. sp.
Types. — Holotype $ and 1 paratype $ from Canada, B.C.,
Horseshoe Bay, 0-300', 29.V.1961, J. R. Vockeroth, both deposited
in the Canadian National Collection of the Entomological Research
Institute, Canadian Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.
Also two $ paratypes from Washington, Mt. Rainier, White River,
28 Aug. 34, A. L. Melander. One of these paratypes is deposited in
the collection of the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. and
the other in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+ 3 being 1.6 to 1.8
times the distance from R 2+3 to R44.5; anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4
and 5 rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites long,
narrow and pointed at apices, not sharply curved at apex, tapering gradually
to apex but taper more abrupt in basal half, distal half thus very long and
slender; aedeagus gouge-shaped, slightly curved and hooked at apex with a
sclerotized bridge dividing the open posterior. Females unknown.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.92 to 3.84 mm; shining
black with coppery, golden, and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with
coppery pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.71 to 0.78 mm; ocellar
triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and
postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and sometimes 1 or 2 much
smaller pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity
above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae;
1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals
small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with golden
pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long,
from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller
pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with
greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity;
arista brown, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; greyish spot at
intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows,
between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medially between acros-
tichal setal rows; scutum length 0.88 to 0.99 mm; many long acrostichal setae;
many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at
intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae;
humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larg-
er pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of
posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above,
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
88 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey-
ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 168) shining black
with golden pruinosity, length 0.44 mm, apical process small and pointed,
apical tubercules small, lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar
setae large. Legs all black or dark brown except reddish tarsi, covered with
greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; meso-
thoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of
metathoracic tibiae with 3 or 4 black anterior setae and a yellow posterior
comb. Wing (Fig. 211) clear, slightly darkened around crossveins; no white
spots; R 2+3 sometimes with appendage near apex; veins dark brown to black;
length from humeral crossvein 2.52 to 2.99 mm; width 1.12 to 1.26 mm; dis-
tance from h to R x 0.78 to 0.88 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.19 to 1.29 mm; R 2+3 to
R 4+5 0.68 to 0.82 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.34 to 0.44 mm; length of
R4+5 1-46 to 1.80 mm; length M 1+2 0.85 to 0.95 mm; costal section from Ri
to R 2+3 1.6 to 1.8 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres light brown
to yellowish.
Abdomen as in Fig. 34 except where noted; shining black with golden
pruinosity anteriorly, becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2
through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8
absent. Sternite 1 somewhat variable with rounded anterior margin or with
a broad anterior "V" notch; sternite 4 sometimes with a small anterior frag-
ment. Genitalia as in Fig. 102. Note the paired gonites with long, pointed
apices, with more abrupt taper at basal half, distal half thus long and slen-
der; fused anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus gouge-
shaped, curved at apex, and with a narrow sclerotized bridge dividing the open
posterior; fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Extreme northwestern U.S. and southwestern
Canada (Fig. 226).
Specimens examined. — 4 specimens (all males, holotype and 3
paratypes) with data as listed under types.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) penisica n. sp.
Types. — Holotype $ and 1 $ paratype from Tyee, 27 mi. E.
Pr. Rupert, B.C., Canada, 24.VI.1960, J. G. Chillcott; 2 $ para-
types with the same data except one collected by W. W. Moss and the
other by B. S. Heming; and 3 S and 7 2 paratypes from Kitimat,
B.C., Canada, 4.VIII.1960, C. H. Mann. The holotype and all
paratypes are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of the
Entomological Research Institute, Canadian Department of Agricul-
ture, Ottawa, Canada.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 89
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+ . 3 2.1 to 2.6 times
distance from R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 . Male with anterior- ventral areas of tergites 3,
4 and 5 elongated into finger-like processes; tip of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded
and curving outward from midventral line; gonites long and narrow with
pointed apices; and aedeagus long, broad and dagger-like. Females with ster-
nite 8 consisting of a large, distinctly triangular, median sclerite and one
small, comma-shaped, lateral sclerite on each side.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.40 to 3.84 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop-
pery pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.68 to 0.75 mm; ocellar
triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and
postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and 2 or 3 small pairs of
orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming
greyish below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of
divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black
with golden pruinosity, greyish below eye. Face shining black with brassy
pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long,
from antennal base to first parafacial seta, with bluish-grey pruinosity; 1 large
pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with bluish-grey,
greyish or golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae
dark, brown to black with greyish to golden pruinosity; arista black, slightly
plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery to golden pruinosity; no greyish spot
at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorsocentral
setal rows; scutum length 0.85 to 0.95 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many
long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intra-
scutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae;
humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1
larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of
posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden puinosity above,
becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey-
ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 169) shining black
with golden pruinosity, length 0.34 to 0.37 mm, apical process absent but
scutellum is somewhat pointed, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black or very dark brown and covered
with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex;
mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 black anterior setae at apex;
apex of metathoracic tibiae with 1 or 2 black anterior setae and a yellow
posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 212) lightly clouded, slightly darkened areas
around crossveins; no white spots; veins dark brown to black; length from
humeral crossvein 2.55 to 3.06 mm; width 1.09 to 1.26 mm; distance from
h to R x 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.36 to 1.56 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.58
to 0.68 mm; R 4+3 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.41 mm; length of R~ 4+5 1.63 to 1.87
mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.88 to 1.09 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 2.3 to
2.4 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 ; halteres brown.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
90 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Abdomen as in Fig. 35; shining black with coppery and golden pruin-
osity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures;
tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 103. Note long, pointed,
paired gonites with subapical processes, connected anteriorly to sternite 5.
Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus long and dagger-like, fused to aedeagal apodeme.
Tergite 9 + surstyli with rounded, outward-curving, lobes.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.54 to 4.28 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where specified.
Head length 0.75 to 0.82 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.99 to 1.05 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to
0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.99 to 3.16 mm; width 1.22
to 1.33 mm; distance from h to R x 0.85 to 0.88 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.50 to 1.67
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.65 to 0.71 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length
of R 4+5 1.77 to 1.94 mm; length of M 1+2 0.95 to 1.09 mm; costal section
from Ri to R 2 + 3 2.1 to 2.6 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 67. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 135.
Distribution Northwest Pacific coast (Fig. 230).
Specimens examined. — 15 specimens (18$ and 8 2 9) in-
cluding the holotype and 1 3 paratypes with data as listed under types.
Also, 1 2 specimen from Eureka, California, 7.24.51, Marshall R.
Wheeler.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) quadriloba n. sp.
Types. — Holotype S and 1 $ and 8 2 paratypes from Tacoma,
Washington, 27 Aug. 1 1 . The holotype, 1 $ and 6 2 paratypes are
deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. and the
remaining 2 2 paratypes are deposited in the collection of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Also 3 $
and 2 2 paratypes from Everett, Washington, 4 July 1924, A. L.
Melander of which 3 $ $ and 1 2 are deposited in the U.S. National
Museum and the remaining 2 is deposited in the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.2 to 1.7 times
distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 . Males with tergite 9 + surstyli lacking dorsal
projections which extend posteriorly beyond the cerci; gonites short, broad,
pointed, and somewhat hooked at apex; aedeagus enlarged apically into 4
rounded lobes. Females with sternite 8 consisting only of a large median
sclerite without a deep, narrow, posterior notch; sternite 8 slightly wider than
sternite 6 or 7 but with an anterior "V" notch and rounded posterior.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.99 to 3.91 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 91
pruinosity except where noted; length 0.71 to 0.78 mm; ocellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with
coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent,
inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post-
orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity, greyish below
eyes. Face shining black with greyish pruinosity, straight to concave when
viewed in profile: facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial
seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with
coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark,
brown to black with greyish pruinosity on segments 1 and 2, coppery pruin-
osity on segment 3; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; greyish spot at intrascutal
suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, between
dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal
rows; scutum length 0.71 to 0.85 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long
dorsocentral setae, 1 larger pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutel-
lar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and
fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large
pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to coppery
pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae;
sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig.
170) shining black with coppery pruinosity; length 0.37 to 0.44 mm; apical
process small and pointed; apical and lateral tubercules absent; apical and
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with coxae and femurs black; trochanters,
tibiae and tarsi reddish; covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae
with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3
black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior
cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 213) clouded,
darkened areas around crossveins bounded by white areas, sometimes appear-
ing purplish; one white spot posterior to medial crossvein; R 2 + 3 with appendage
near apex; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.58 to 2.82 mm;
width 1.19 to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R x 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R x to R 2+3
1.05 to 1.29 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.82 to 0.85 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.37 to
0.44 mm; length of R 4+5 1.63 to 1.80 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.78 to 0.92 mm;
costal section from R 1 to R 2 _j_ 3 1.3 to 1.5 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4 + 5;
halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 36; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 104. Note the short, slightly hooked, pointed
gonites connected anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus
with enlarged apex forming 4 rounded lobes, fused to aedeagal apodeme.
Tergite 9 + surstyli angled and lobed at apex.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.96 to 3.71 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except as indicated.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
92 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Head length 0.75 to 0.82 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.85 to 1.02 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to
0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.45 to 2.99 mm; width 1.19
to 1.36 mm; distance from h to Rj 0.68 to 0.85 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.02 to 1.29
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+s 0.68 to 0.88 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.37 to 0.48 mm; length
of R 4+5 1.46 to 1.90 mm; length of M 1+2 0.65 to 0.92 mm; costal section
from Rj to R 2+3 1.2 to 1.7 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 68. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 136.
Distribution. — Northern U.S. and Southern Canada from coast
to coast but more common in the Pacific Northwest (Fig. 225).
Specimens examined. — 124 specimens (54 $ $ and 70 2 9 )
including the holotype and 14 paratypes, collected from Alaska, Cali-
fornia, Idaho, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire,
Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Ontario,
and Quebec. Collected from March to October except in April.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) socia (Cresson)
Napaea socia Cresson, 1934:213; Cresson 1949:232; Sturtevant and Wheeler
1954:225.
Types. — Cresson described this species from a holotype $ , al-
lotype, and 9 paratypes (7 $ S and 2 2 9 ) from Berkeley Hills,
Alameda Co., California, IV. 11.08. All types are deposited in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 1.4 to 1.6 times
distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+ s; metathoracic tibiae each with several small
spines on the anteroventral apex which extend, at most, only slightly beyond
apex of tibia. Male with anterior-ventral areas of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded
or somewhat angled; gonites long, narrow and pointed, tapering unevenly to
apex, taper more abrupt in basal half, thus distal half is very long and slender;
aedeagus somewhat rounded or blunt, not curved or hooked at apex. Female
with sternite 5 subtriangular with an anterior notch; sternites 6, 7 and 8 sub-
equal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median
sclerite without a deep, narrow, posterior notch; sternite 8 blunt to convex
anteriorly.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.55 to 3.37 mm; shining black
with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden
pruinosity except where stated; length 0.65 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle
raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar
setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex
with golden pruinosity above, becoming lighter below, whitish centrally; 1
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 93
large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior
vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruin-
osity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity, straight to concave when
viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial
seta; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with
golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown
to black with golden and coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; faint greyish spot at intra-
scutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal
rows; scutum length 0.82 to 1.02 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long
dorsocentral setae with 1 larger pair at imtrascutal suture; 1 long pair of
prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals
long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair
larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with
golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural
setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum
(Fig. 171) shining black with golden pruinosity; length 0.41 to 0.44 mm;
apical process small and pointed; apical and lateral tubercules absent or very
small; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with coxae, femurs, and
middle of tibiae black; trochanters, base and apex of tibiae, and tarsi reddish;
legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae
at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at
apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with several small, black, anterior setae
which extend only slightly beyond apex of tibia (Fig. 182) and a yellow
posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 214) lightly clouded, darkened areas around
crossveins bounded by lighter areas; R 2+3 with an appendage near apex; veins
brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.45 to 2.65 mm; width 1.05 to 1.19
mm; distance from h to R^ 0.65 to 0.75 mm; R x to R 2+3 1-09 to 1.22 mm;
R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.75 to 0.82 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length
of R 4+5 1.60 to 1.63 mm; length of M 1+2 0.82 to 0.92 mm; costal section
from R r to R 2+3 1.4 to 1.6 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 37 except as indicated; shining black with greyish
to golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine
lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 1 through 4 somewhat
variable; sternite 1 small and semicircular or broadly elliptical; sternite 2
with a broad "U" notch or "V" notch anteriorly, rounded or blunt posteriorly;
sternite 3 with an anterior notch, small anterior projection, or a small anterior
fragment; sternite 4 with or without 2, small, anterior fragments. Genitalia
as in Fig. 105. Note the long, narrow, pointed gonites, connected anteriorly
to a rolled sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus large and blunt at apex,
fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.09 to 3.47 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except as noted.
Head length 0.71 to 0.85 mm.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
94 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Thorax with scutum length 0.82 to 1.09 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to
0.51 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.72 to 3.06 mm; width
1.16 to 1.26 mm; distance from h to R x 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.22
to 1.39 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.75 to 0.88 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.34 to 0.37
mm; length of R 4+5 1.63 to 1.87 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.88 to 1.22 mm;
costal section from R t to R 2 + 3 1.4 to 1.6 times distance from R 2+3 to R4+5.
Abdomen as in Fig. 69 except where mentioned. Sternites 1 through 5
somewhat variable; sternite 1 absent or very slightly sclerotized, small, widely
elliptical; sternite 2 oval with anterior "V" notch or with an anterior "U"
notch, wider anteriorly narrowing to a blunt posterior, sides straight; sternite
3 somewhat square or circular, sometimes with an anterior projection or
notch; sternite 4 circular, sometimes with an anterior notch or 2 small anterior
fragments; sternite 5 with an anterior notch, either somewhat triangular or
broadly elliptical. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 137.
Distribution. — Extreme western U.S. (Fig. 233).
Specimens examined. — 96 specimens (37 S S and 59 2 9 ) in-
cluding the holotype, alloype and 9 paratypes. Collected from the
following: California, Oregon, and Washington. Collected most
months of the year except January, August, and September.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) spinosa n. sp.
Types. — Holotype S from Mountain Home, S. Bernandino Co.,
California, IX. 12. 1953, E. I. Schlinger and 3 S paratypes with the
data Union Flat, Washington, 16.VI.16; Moscow Mt., Idaho, Sept.
16, 1917, A. L. Melander; and Lake Waha, Idaho, 9 June 1918, A.
L. Melander. The holotype and the above 3 paratypes are deposited
in the collection of the U.S. National Museum. Also 1 $ paratype
from Yosemite Valley, California, V.22.08, deposited in the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Diagnosis. — Males with tergite 9 + surstyli bearing 2, large, dorsal pro-
jections which extend posteriorly beyond cerci: gonites short, broad, pointed
and somewhat hooked at apex.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.96 to 3.94 mm; shining
black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with
coppery pruinosity except where specified; length 0.71 to 0.78 mm; ocellar
triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and
postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red,
oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden or greyish below;
1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae: 1 large pair of divergent, ex-
terior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden
pruinosity. Face shining black with coppery pruinosity, straight to concave
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 95
when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first
parafacial seta, covered with greyish pruinosity; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller
pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery or golden pruinosity; mouth-
parts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with greyish
pruinosity on segments 1 and 2, coppery on segment 3; arista black, slightly
plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; greyish spot at intrascutal
suture; greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, and between
acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; scutum length 0.78 to 0.85 mm; many
long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 longer pair at
intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral
setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of
notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae;
pleura shining black with coppery or golden pruinosity above, becoming grey-
ish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity;
katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 172) shining black with coppery
pruinosity, length 0.41 to 0.44 mm, apical process small and rounded, apical
and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs
with coxae and all but apex of femurs black; trochanters, apex of femurs,
tibiae, and tarsi reddish; covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae
with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3
black anterior setae at apex; metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of
black setae and a yellow posterior comb at apex. Wing (Fig. 215) clouded,
darkened areas at crossveins bounded by white spots, appearing purplish; one
such spot posterior to medial crossvein; R 2+3 with appendage near apex;
veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.11 to 2.31 mm; width 0.88 to
1.12 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.65 to 0.68 mm; Rj to R 2+3 0.95 to 1.05
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.61 to 0.68 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.34 to 0.37 mm;
length of R 4+5 1.33 to 1.43 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.58 to 0.68 mm; costal sec-
tion from R x to R 2+3 1.5 to 1.6 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4 + 3 ; halteres
yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 38; shining black with coppery pruinosity. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 106. Note the short, broad, pointed gonites,
somewhat hooked near apex, connected anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch
absent. Aedeagus long and blunt with two outward projecting folds, fused to
aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Far western U.S. (Fig. 234).
Specimens examined. — 5 specimens (all S S ) with data as listed
previously for types.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) succurva n. sp.
Types. — Holotype $ and 7 paratypes (5 S 8 and 2 5 2) from
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
96 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Herschell I., Y.T., Canada, July 18, 1930, O. Bryant, all deposited
in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+ 3 1.5 to 1.7 times
distance from R 2 +3 to R 4+5 . Male with anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3,
4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled; gonites long, narrow, pointed, taper
more abrupt in the basal half, thus distal half is very long and slender;
aedeagus curved and slightly hooked at apex, without a sclerotized bridge
dividing the posterior opening. Female with sternites 6, 7 and 8 much wider
than other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median sclerite with-
out a deep, narrow, posterior notch, and subequal to or narrower than sternite
6 or 7.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.23 to 3.43 mm; shining black
with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery
pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.65 mm; ocellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with cop-
pery pruinosity above, becoming greyish to golden below; 1 large pair of con-
vergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae;
postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face
shining black with golden pruinosity; straight to concave when viewed in pro-
file; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large
pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruin-
osity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with
greyish to golden pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; faint greyish spot at intra-
scutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows and
between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; scutum length 0.65 to 0.71
mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 larger
pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and post-
humeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large
pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar
setae; pleura shining black with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish
below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; large domed area with dense yellow
setae surrounding the mesothoracic spiracle; sternum with greyish pruinosity;
katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 173) shining black with coppery
pruinosity, length 0.31 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules
absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black with golden to
greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; meso-
thoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; meta-
thoracic tibiae each with 3 black anterior setae and a yellow posterior comb.
Wing (Fig. 216) clouded, slightly darkened areas around crossveins; no white
spots; veins dark brown to black; length from humeral crossvein 1.84 mm;
width 0.85 to 0.88 mm; distance from h to Ri 0.51 mm; R : to R 2+3 0.85
mm; R 2+3 to R 4 + 5 0.51 to 0.58 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 to 0.31 mm;
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 97
length of R 4 + r , 1.02 to 1.09 mm; length of M 1+2 0.58 to 0.61 mm; costal
section from R x to R 2+3 1.5 to 1.7 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4+5 ;
halteres very dark brown with greyish pruinosity.
Abdomen as in Fig. 39; shining black with greyish pruinosity. Tergites
2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and
8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 107. Note the long, pointed, paired gonites
with taper in basal half more abrupt thus the distal half is very long and nar-
row, connected anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus curved
and slightly hooked at apex; without a bridge dividing the posterior opening;
fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.52 to 2.92 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except as stated.
Head length 0.65 to 0.68 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.65 to 0.68 mm; scutellum length 0.24 to 0.27
mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1 .94 to 1 .97 mm; width 0.92 to 0.95 mm;
distance from h to R x 0.51 to 0.54 mm; R x to R 2+3 0.85 to 0.88 mm; R 2+3
to R 4+5 0.54 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.27 mm; length of R 4 + 5 1.09 mm; length
of M 1+2 0.61 to 0.65 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 1.6 times distance
from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 70. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 138.
Distribution Northwestern Canada (Fig. 230).
Specimens examined. — 8 specimens (6 $ S and 2 9 5), in-
cluding the holotype and 7 paratypes, with data as listed under types.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) vulgaris (Cresson)
Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) vulgaris Cresson, 1949:233-234.
Napaea vulgaris Cresson, Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:224.
Types. — This species was described from a holotype S , an allo-
type and one paratype, all with the same data. Sturtevant and
Wheeler (1954) synonomized vulgaris with paullula but an examin-
ation of the genitalia of the types and other specimens clearly con-
vinces the senior author that they are distinct species. The senior
author has examined the holotype $ , the allotype, and the paratype
2 and, as Cresson mentions, they bear the data, Yellowstone Lake,
Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, 23 July '34, A. L. Melander. In addi-
tion, the holotype bears the type number 6629. The holotype and
allotype are deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the paratype 5 in the collection of the
U.S. National Museum.
Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R x to R 2+3 being 1.5 to 2.0
times the distance from R 2+3 to R 4 + 3 . Male with tergite 9 + surstyli round-
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
98 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
ed or obtusely angled midventrally; apex of gonites broad, flat and rounded;
apex of aedeagus rounded with a large anterior opening, no posterior opening,
when viewed posteriorly the sides are parallel from base to near apex where
they converge abruptly. Female with sternite 8 consisting only of a large
median sclerite without a deep posterior notch or often of 2 small lateral
sclerites; sternite 8 much wider than sternites 6 or 7; cap of ventral receptacle
about 2/3 total length of receptacle.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.92 to 3.06 mm; shining black
with golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity ex-
cept as noted; length 0.68 to 0.71 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli;
ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2
large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with golden pruinosity above,
becoming lighter below and whitish centrally; 1 large pair of convergent, inner
vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals
and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black
with golden pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial de-
pressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and
3 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity;
mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with
golden pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; greyish spot at intrascutal
suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows;
scutum length 0.78 to 0.85 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorso-
central setae with 1 larger pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar
setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine,
1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair
of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above,
becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey-
ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 174) shining black
with golden pruinosity, length 0.31 to 0.34 mm, apical process very small and
scutellum appears pointed, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and
lateral scutellar setae large. Legs mostly dark brown to black, trochanters and
tarsi slightly lighter or reddish, covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic
tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and
3 black anterior setae at apex; metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of
black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 217) clouded, darkened
areas around crossveins bounded by white spots which appear purplish; one
such spot posterior to medial crossvein; veins brown; length from humeral
crossvein 2.45 to 2.55 mm; width 1.02 to 1.09 mm; distance from h to R x
0.65 to 0.75 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.09 to 1.19 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.68 mm;
R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length of R 1+5 1.43 to 1.53 mm; length of
M 1+2 0.85 to 0.92 mm; costal section from R t to R 2+3 1-6 to 1.8 times dis-
tance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow with greyish capitellum.
Abdomen as in Fig. 40; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2
through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 99
absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 108. Note the 'broad, flat, rounded gonites fused
anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus with a rounded apex,
no posterior opening, fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.72 to 3.13 mm. Head, thorax, legs and
wings as in males except as follows:
Head length 0.68 to 0.71 mm; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of
parafacial setae.
Thorax with scutum length 0.75 to 0.82 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to
0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.31 to 2.38 mm; width 0.95
to 0.99 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.61 to 0.65 mm; R t to R 2+3 1.02 to 1.22
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.61 to 0.68 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.31 to 0.34 mm;
length of R 4+5 1.43 to 1.53 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.85 to 0.92 mm; costal
section from R 4 to R 2+3 1.5 to 2.0 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 71 except as noted. Tergites 1 through 5 may have
a small fragment near anterior ventral angles. Sternite 8 may consist of 2
lateral fragments or a single median sclerite with a broad "U" shaped anterior
notch and a blunt posterior. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 139.
Distribution. — Scattered over the more boreal areas of North
America (Fig. 234).
Specimens examined. — 26 specimens (18 $ $ and 8 2 9) in-
cluding the holotype $ , allotype, and 1 paratype 2 from Alaska,
Colorado, Wyoming, Labrador, Northwest Territory, and Quebec.
Collected from May through October.
Species Not Included
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) parva Cresson n. dubium
Parydra {Chaetoapnaea) parva Cresson, Wirth 1965b:750.
Napaea undulata Cresson, 1934:212-213. (preocc. Becker, 1926:102).
Parydra parva Cresson, 1949:241. (n. name for N. undulata Cresson).
Napaea (Napaea) parva (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:224.
Type. — Cresson (1934) lists the holotype as a female from
Rock Creek, District of Columbia, August 3, 1913, (R. C. Shannon).
He further mentions that it is deposited at "U.S.N.M., no. 50529",
and confirms that the type is at the U.S.N.M. in his 1949 paper.
The senior author has visited the U.S.N.M. and the type is not
in their collection but their records indicate the type was on loan to
Cresson. The senior author had visited the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, where Cresson worked and deposited most
of his types, prior to his U.S.N.M. visit but did not observe any type
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
100 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
bearing a N. undulata or P. parva label. Thinking that the type
might have been overlooked, a letter was written to Dr. Michael G.
Emsley, the acting chairman of the Department of Entomology at the
Academy, and he was asked if the type could be anywhere in their
collection. Both Dr. Emsley and Dr. Roback assure us that the speci-
men is nowhere in the Academy collection. To the best of our
knowledge, the senior author is in possession of all of the material,
except types, of the subfamily Parydrinae that belongs to the Acad-
emy and no specimen (with or without a type label) is included
which fits the description nor has the above mentioned data.
Since the type is apparently lost and the senior author has seen
no specimens which fit Cresson's description, we prefer to treat the
name as a nomen dubium.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) varia Loew n. dubium
Parydra varia Loew, 1863:326; Loew 18647:210.
Napaea varia (Loew), Cresson 1949:229-230.
Napaea (Napaea) varia (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:226.
Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) varia Loew, Wirth 1965b:750.
Type. — Loew (1863) apparently described this species from
one or more male specimens from Alaska as indicated "(Sitka; Sahl-
berg)". Later Cresson (1949) discussed the fact that he was unable
to locate the type or type series. He further noted that he thought
that Loew must have had more than one specimen at the time of his
description as he mentioned variation in tibial color. In a visit to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, the senior author was also unable
to locate the type or any specimens from Sitka, Alaska which Loew
might have observed. Also, no Loew types were seen in visits to the
U.S.N.M. or Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Conse-
quently, we believe, as Cresson (1949) must have believed, that the
type or type series must be lost.
The senior author has observed a number of specimens which
were determined by many workers as varia, but among these are a
number of new species which all would key to varia and fit its descrip-
tion. As a result, we feel that in the absence of the type the name
is a nomen dubium.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 101
Genus CALLINAPAEA Sturtevant and Wheeler
Subgenus Callinapaea Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954:220.
Type-species. — Napaea (Callinapaea) aldrichi Sturtevant and
Wheeler, original designation. Wirth 1965a: 62.
This genus (present designation) was first described by Sturte-
vant and Wheeler (1954) as a subgenus of Napaea and was mono-
typic at that time, known only by the type-species N. (Callinapaea)
aldrichi. Later in 1965a, Wirth described another species laurenti-
ana but, being aware of the fact that Napaea was preoccupied, placed
both aldrichi and laurentiana in the genus Parydra as subgenus Cal-
linapaea. However, on the basis of external morphology and genitalic
structure, the senior author believes that this group is significantly
distinct to justify considering it as a genus.
Diagnosis. — Head when viewed in profile, with anterior oral margin
extending beyond antennal bases; facial protuberance (carina) near antennal
bases, small and not extending beyond anterior oral margin; oral margin with-
out setae; arista well-developed; orbital and ocellar setae present; parafacial
setae present, first pair longer than others. Wings with costa reaching M 1+2 ;
anterior crossvein (r-m) located directly below the junction of R t and the
costa, and/or the anterior crossvein intercepting R 4+ 5 at 1/5 or less of the
distance from the junction of R i+5 and R 2+ 3 to the costa; costal section from
Rj to R 2+3 4.7 to 6.0 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Description. — Small (2.38 to 2.82 mm. long), shining black flies cov-
ered with dense greyish pruinosity except on ocellar triangle, around vertical
setae, and on spots and stripes on thorax. Head when viewed in profile with
face straight, anterior oral margin extending beyond antennal bases, facial
protuberance (carina) near antennal bases small and not extending beyond
anterior oral margin; oral margin without setae; ocellar triangle raised; 3
round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
small, divergent; orbital setae large; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical
setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae. Face with dense
greyish pruinosity; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first para-
facial seta; 1 large pair and several smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus
not visible when head is viewed in profile. Antennae with well-developed,
slightly plumose arista.
Thorax with dense greyish pruinosity except for shining black spots or
stripes; many rather short acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; 1 long pair of
prescutellar setae; no humeral setae; 2 large pairs of notopleural setae, pos-
terior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; 1 large pair of
mesopleural setae. Scutellum shining black with one large spot of dense grey-
ish pruinosity anteriorly and medially; apical process absent; apical and lateral
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
102 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs not raptorial;
dark with greyish pruinosity; apex of prothoracic tibiae with long yellow
setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae variously setose anteriorly and with a large
spur; apex of metathoracic tibiae with or without anterior setae but with a
yellow posterior comb. Wing clear or slightly clouded with or without many
dark spots; costa reaching M 1+2 ; R9+3 not appendiculate near apex; anterior
crossvein (r-m) located directly below the junction of R : and costa, and/or
the anterior crossvein intercepting R 4 + 5 at 1/5 or less of distance from junc-
tion of R 4+5 and R 2 +3 to costa; costal section from R x to R0+3 4.7 to 6.0
times distance from R 2+ 3 to R 4+ 5.
Abdomen shining black with greyish pruinosity. Male abdomen with
tergites 1 through 5 present, tergite 1 consisting of a dorsal and 2 pleural
sclerites, tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent;
tergite 9 fused to surstyli; surstyli fused midventrally; sternites 2 through 7
present; gonites present, somewhat forked near apex; gonal arch present;
aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme. Female abdomen with tergites 1
through 8 present, 7 and 8 very narrow; tergite 1 as in males, tergites 2
through 8 continuous dorsally; sternites 1 through 8 present and variously
shaped; genital opening posterior to sternite 8; sternite 9 absent; ventral
receptacle small and mushroom-like in shape.
Key to the Nearctic Species of the Genus Callinapaea
1. Wings with numerous dark spots (Fig. 218), male abdomen and genitalia
as in Figs. 41 and 109, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in
Figs. 72 and 140 aldrichi
Sturtevant and Wheeler
Wings without numerous dark spots (Fig. 219), female abdomen and
ventral receptacle as in Figs. 73 and 141, male unknown
laurentiana Wirth
Callinapaea aldrichi Sturtevant and Wheeler
Napaea (Callinapaea) aldrichi Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954:220-221.
Parydra (Callinapaea) aldrichi Sturtevant and Wheeler, Wirth 1965a: 62.
Types. — Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) apparently described
this species from 7 specimens, a holotype 9 and 6 paratypes. The
senior author has examined the holotype 9 and 3 S paratypes but
the location of the remaining 3 paratypes is unknown to us. The
holotype 9 is from Arcadia, California, 4.20.50, M. R. Wheeler,
type number 6703, and is deposited in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. One 6 paratype is from Ledges
State Park, Boone Co., Iowa, VI. 25, 1950, Jean Laffoon, and is depos-
ited in the collection Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. The other 2
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 103
$ paratypes are in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco,
California, and bear the following data: 1 $ , Los Angeles, California,
May 2, 1915, M. C. Van Duzee; and 1 $ , Berkeley, California, May
28, 1915, M. C. Van Duzee. Sturtevant and Wheeier in their list of
paratypes mention also Sequim, Washington though we have not seen
this specimen or these specimens.
Diagnosis. — Distinguishable from the only other species, laurentiana, by
the presence of numerous dark spots on the wings.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.38 to 2.58 mm; shining
black or brown with greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with greyish
pruinosity except as noted; length 0.44 to 0.48 mm; ocellar triangle raised
and dark brown; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and
postocellar setae small, divergent; 4 or 5 small pairs of orbital setae, posterior-
most pair largest; eyes red, oval; vertex with dense greyish pruinosity above
and below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of
divergent, exterior vertical setae; area around vertical setae dark brown; post-
orbitals and occipitals small; gena with dense greyish pruinosity. Face with
dense greyish pruinosity, straight when viewed in profile; facial depressions
long but hardly noticeable, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large
pair and 2 to 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with greyish pruin-
osity, hidden from view when head is viewed in profile or from front; mouth-
parts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with greyish
pruinosity; arista black, very slightly plumose.
Thorax with dense greyish pruinosity and shining black to brown spots;
dark brown spots behind the humerus, around intrascutal suture, near pos-
terior end of scutum between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and in
area of intraalar setae; sometimes a dark stripe between acrostichal and dorso-
central setal rows; scutum length 0.65 mm; many, rather short, dorsocentral
and acrostichal setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; no humeral setae; post-
humeral setae rather short and fine; presuturals rather short and fine, 1 pair
larger than others; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair much larger;
1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black to brown with
greyish pruinosity above and below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum
with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 175)
shining black to brown with a large spot of dense greyish pruinosity anteriorly
and medially; length 0.24 to 0.27 mm; apical process absent; apical and
lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs uniform
brownish to blackish with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long
yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic femora each with a dense posterior flexor
row of setae; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae
at apex; metathoracic tibiae with only a yellow posterior comb at apex. Wing
(Fig. 218) clear to slightly clouded with many dark spots; cell R x with 4 to
6 (usually 5) dark spots; cell R 2 + 3 with 3 (basal 2 elongate) dark spots;
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
104 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
cell R 4+5 with 2 to 5 (usually 3 or 4) dark spots; crossveins surrounded by
a dark spot; M 2 or discal cell with 1 dark spot; M 1 + 2 cell and M 3 + Cu x
cell each with 1 to 3 dark spots; spots on wings tend to become lighter towards
the posterior wing margin; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.97
to 2.14 mm; width 0.88 to 0.92 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.44 to 0.48 mm;
R t to R 2+3 1.36 to 1.46 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.24 to 0.31 mm; R 4 + 5 to
M 1+2 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of R 4+5 1.53 to 1.67 mm; length of M 1+2
0.88 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3 4.7 to 5.7 times distance
from R 2 + 3 to R 4 + 5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 41; shining brown to black with greyish pruinosity.
Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites
6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 109. Note tergite 9 + surstyli fused
medially; somewhat forked gonites fused to gonal arch, connected anteriorly
to sternite 7; and long, narrow, pointed aedeagus, not fused to aedeagal
apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.41 to 2.82 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where stated.
Head length 0.48 to 0.51 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.68 to 0.71 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to
0.31 mm. Legs without dense posterior flexor row of setae on mesothoracic
femora. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.11 to 2.28 mm; width 0.92
to 0.95 mm; distance from h to R 4 0.48 mm; R x to R 2+3 1.43 to 1.56 mm;
R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.24 to 0.27 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.24 mm; length of R 4+5
1.60 to 1.77 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.92 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R x to
R 2+3 5.8 to 6.0 times distance from R 2 + 3 to R 4 + 5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 72 except as mentioned. Sternites 3 and 4 some-
what variable, both elongate oval or somewhat elongate oval with a poorly
sclerotized connection to 2 small, well-sclerotized, anterior fragments. Ventral
receptacle as in Fig. 140.
Distribution. — Scattered, western and northern North America
(Fig. 232).
Specimens examined. — 13 specimens (8 8 8 and 5 2 9), in-
cluding the holotype 9 and 3 8 paratypes, with the following data:
Holotype 9 , Arcadia, California, 4.20.50, M. R. Wheeler; Paratype
8 , Los Angeles, California, May 2, 1915, M. C. Van Duzee; Para-
type 8, Berkeley, California, May 28, 1915, M. C. Van Duzee;
Paratype 8 , Ledges State Park, Boone Co., Iowa, VI.25, 1950, Jean
Laffoon; 2 8 8, Oak Glen, California, 2/7/45, A. L. Melander; 1
8 , Oakdale, Washington, VI. 13. '56, M. Coffey, coll. on cow excre-
ment; 1 9, Mt. Constitution, Washington, 17.V.10; 1 9, Elkwater,
Alta., Canada, 29.V.1955, J. R. Vockeroth; 1 8 , Palmer, Alaska,
June 1964, K. Sommerman, jeep trap; 1 9, Matanuska, Alaska,
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 105
6.5.44, J. C. Chamberlin, rotary trap; 1 2 , Spenard, Alaska, VII. 23.
57, E. L. Kessel; and 1 $ , Waha, Idaho, 30 May '24, A. L. Melander.
Callinapaea laurentiana Wirth
Parydra {Callinapaea) laurentiana Wirth, 1965a:63.
Types. — Described by Wirth (1965) from and known by only
two specimens. Wirth indicates a holotype S and a paratype 2 both
from St. Louis, Quebec, 15 Aug. 1918, J. Quellet. The holotype is
deposited in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa and the para-
type in the U.S. National Museum. Upon examination of the para-
type, the senior author found it to be a female rather than a male as
mentioned by Wirth. The senior author has not examined the holo-
type but Dr. J. R. Vockeroth and Mr. Shewell, upon our request,
have examined the holotype and both assure us that the specimen is
a female.
Diagnosis. — Distinguishable from a'drichi by the wings which lack num-
erous dark spots.
Description: MALE. — Unknown.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.45 mm; shining black with coppery
and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with greyish pruinosity except
where stated; length 0.41 mm; ocellar triangle raised and shining black with
coppery pruinosity; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar
and postocellar setae small, divergent; 1 large pair of orbital setae; eyes red,
oval; vertex with greyish pruinosity above becoming lighter greyish below; 1
large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, ex-
terior vertical setae; area, around vertical setae and extending forward around
and beyond the orbital setae, brown to black, shining, with coppery pruin-
osity; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena with dense grey pruinosity. Face
with dense grey pruinosity, straight when viewed in profile; facial depressions
long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 smaller
pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with greyish pruinosity, hidden from view
when head is viewed in profile or from front; mouthparts with greyish pruin-
osity. Antennae dark, black to brown with coppery pruinosity; arista black,
slightly plumose.
Thorax with dense greyish pruinosity, and shining black to brown stripes
with coppery pruinosity between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows;
scutum length 0.68 mm; many rather short acrostichal and dorsocentral setae;
1 long pair of prescutellar setae; no humeral setae; posthumeral setae rather
short and fine; presuturals rather short and fine, 1 pair larger than others;
2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior
intraalar setae; pleura shining black with grey pruinosity; 1 large pair of
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
106 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
mesopleural setae; sternum with grey pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent.
Scutellum (Fig. 176) shining black to brown with a large spot of dense grey-
ish pruinosity anteriorly and medially; length 0.27 mm; apical process absent;
apical and lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large.
Legs all dark brownish except tarsi slightly lighter, covered with greyish pruin-
osity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic femora
lacking a dense posterior flexor row of black setae; mesothoracic tibiae each
with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; metathoracic tibiae with
anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb at apex. Wing
(Fig. 219) lightly clouded, darkened area around posterior crossvein bounded
by white spots which appear purplish; veins brown; length from humeral
crossvein 1.77 mm; width 0.78 mm; distance from h to R x 0.41 mm; R x to
R 2+3 1.19 mm; R 24 . 3 to R 4+5 0.24 mm; R 4 + 5 to M 1+2 0.24 mm; length of
R 4+5 1.36 mm; length of M 1+2 0.68 mm; costal section from R x to R 2+3
5.0 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres yellow.
Abdomen as in Fig. 73; shining black with golden pruinosity, light bluish
to greyish spot in middle of tergite 2; tergites 1 through 8 continuous dorsally;
tergites 1 through 5 broad; tergite 6 rather narrow; tergites 7 and 8 very nar-
row. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 141.
Distribution. — Southeastern Canada; St. Louis, Quebec (Fig.
234).
Specimens examined. — 1 specimen ( 2 ) , the paratype with data
mentioned previously under types.
Genus EUTAENIONOTUM Oldenberg
Eutaenionotum Oldenberg, 1923:315-316. Type-species Eutaenionotum oliva-
ceum Oldenberg, monobasic. Becker 1926:103-104; Wirth 1965:61.
Eutaeniotum [sic!] Oldenberg, Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:205; Dahl 1959:
136.
Notiphila Fallen (partim). Stenhammar 1844:212-213; Zetterstedt 1846:
1929-1930.
Pelina Haliday (partim). Becker 1896:199-200; Becker 1926:62; Seguy
1934:425.
Napaea Robineau-Desvoidy (partim). Cresson 1949:234-235.
Stenhammar (1844) described a species guttipennis within the
genus Notiphila in section 2 (Telmatobia), and later Zetterstedt
(1846) still placed guttipennis in Notiphila. In 1896, Becker placed
guttipennis in Pelina and still did so in 1926, as did Seguy (1934).
Meanwhile, Oldenberg (1923) described Eutaenionotum as a new
genus based on the species E. olivaceum Oldenberg. Becker (1926)
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 107
also recognized this genus but placed only olivaceum in it and not
guttipennis. However, Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) placed gut-
tipennis in the genus Eutaenionotum but spelled it incorrectly as
Eutaeniotum. Apparently, Dahl (1959) followed Sturtevant and
Wheeler and even used their misspelling of Eutaenionotum. Cresson
(1949) described a species, Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) yukonensis,
which later Wirth (1965a) found to be conspecific with E. guttipennis.
In this paper we have described only E. guttipennis, the type of
which the senior author has observed. We have not seen the type of
E. olivaceum but apparently it differs from guttipennis only in colora-
tion. As Wirth (1965a) indicated, this color difference may be less
than specific, and ultimately olivaceum and guttipennis will be found
to be conspecific.
Diagnosis. — Head when viewed in profile, with anterior oral margin
extending beyond antennal bases; facial protuberance (carina) near antennal
bases, small and not extending beyond anterior oral margin; oral margin
without setae; arista well-developed; orbital and ocellar setae present; orbital
setae small, about 1/6 the length of either the inner or exterior vertical setae;
parafacial setae present, first pair longer than others. Wings with costa
reaching M ] + 2 ; anterior crossvein (r-m) located directly below the junction
of R^ and the costa, and/or the anterior crossvein intercepting R 4+5 at 1/5
or less the distance from the junction of R 4 + 5 and R04-3 to the costa; costal
section from R 4 to R 2+ 3 2.8 to 3.3 times distance from R 2 +3 to R 4 + 5 .
Description. — See the following description of E. guttipennisl
Eutaenionotum guttipennis (Stenhammar)
Notiphila guttipennis Stenhammar, 1844:212-213; Zetterstedt 1846: 1929-1930.
Pelina guttipennis (Stenhammar), Becker 1896:199-200; Becker 1926:62;
Seguy 1934:425.
Eutaeniotum [sic!] guttipennis (Stenhammar), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:
205-206; Dahl 1959:136.
Eutaenionotum guttipennis (Stenhammar), Wirth 1965a:61-62.
Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) yukonensis Cresson, 1949:234-235.
Type. — The senior author has observed the only specimen of
this species in Stenhammar's collection at the Naturhistoriska Riks-
museum, Stockholm, Sweden and has designated this male specimen
as the lectotype. The data on the specimen are as follows: "Lp in
Bhn", 71-&3, Riksmuseum, Stockholm.
Diagnosis. — Apparently guttipennis differs from the only other species,
olivaceum which is known only from Europe, in that it is darker. E. gutti-
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
108 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
pennis has a face which is shining black, with black pruinosity and the thorax
is shining black with dark coppery to black pruinosity, faint lighter and duller
stripes laterally along the dorsocentral setal rows and between the dorsocentral
and acrostichal setal rows.
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.38 to 2.48 mm; shining black
with dark coppery to black pruinosity. Head shining black with dark coppery
to black pruinosity except as specified; length 0.44 mm; ocellar triangle raised;
3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae
absent; 1 to 3 very small pairs of orbital setae; eyes red to dark brown, oval;
vertex with dark coppery pruinosity; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical
setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipi-
tals very small; gena with black to greyish pruinosity. Face with black to
greyish pruinosity, straight to slightly convex when viewed in profile; facial
depressions long and large, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large
pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with black to grey-
ish pruinosity, visible when head is viewed in profile or from front; mouth-
parts with black to greyish pruinosity. Antennae black with dark coppery
pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with black to greyish pruinosity; lighter, somewhat
greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows and between dorsocen-
tral and acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.58 to 0.61 mm; many rather
long dorsocentral and acrostichal setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae;
humeral and posthumeral setae small and fine; presutural setae small, 1 pair
larger than others; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair slightly larger;
1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with black to
greyish pruinosity; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with black to
greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 177) shining
black with black to dark coppery pruinosity; length 0.24 mm; apical process,
apical and lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large.
Legs uniform shining black with black to greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae
with long black to somewhat yellowish setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each
with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; metathoraeic tibiae each with
an anterior cluster of black setae and a black to yellowish posterior comb.
Wing (Fig. 220) clouded with slightly darkened areas around crossveins, pos-
terior crossvein (medial) often with slightly darkened area bounded by lighter
areas or white spots, anterior crossvein often with a light spot near side
towards wing tip; veins dark brown to black; length from humeral crossvein
1.84 to 2.21 mm; width 0.68 to 0.95 mm; distance from h to Rj 0.44 to 0.51
mm; R x to R 2+3 1.12 to 1.29 mm; R 2+3 to R 1+5 0.34 to 0.41 mm;
R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.17 to 0.27 mm; length of R 4+5 1.33 to 1.60 mm; length of
M 1 + 2 0.68 to 0.85 mm; costal section of wing from R ± to R 2+3 2.8 to 3.3
times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ; halteres dark brown, almost black.
Abdomen as in Fig. 42; shining black with black to greyish pruinosity.
Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia
as in Fig. 110. Note tergite 9 + surstyli with somewhat pointed apices; gonites
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 109
long and somewhat pointed, constricted near middle, fused anteriorly to ster-
nite 6 and posteriorly to gonal arch; gonal arch complete, with small medial
projection; aedeagus tubular with rounded apex and an anterior opening, not
fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 2.55 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings
as in males except where indicated.
Head length 0.48 mm. Face with dense greyish pruinosity.
Thorax with scutum length 0.65 mm; scutellum length 0.24 mm. Wing
length from humeral crossvein 2.01 mm; width 0.88 mm; distance from h to
Rj 0.48 mm; Rj to R 2+3 1.19 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.37 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.24
mm; length of R i+5 1.39 mm; length of M 1+2 0.75 mm; costal section from
R x to R 2+3 3.2 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+ 5-
Abdomen as in Fig. 74. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 142.
Distribution. — Europe and Alaska, probably most of northern
North America (Fig. 228).
Specimens examined. — 7 specimens (6 $ $ and 1 2 ) , including
the lectotype male with data as mentioned under type, with data as
follows: 2 $ $ , Bethel, Alaska, Sept. 25, 1917, A. H. Twitchell,
holotype and paratype of Napaea yukonensis E. T. Cresson, Jr., U.S.
National Museum collection; 1 $, Matanuska, Alaska, 5.10.44, J.
C. Chamberlin, rotary trap; 1 5 , Aklavik, N.W.T., Canada, Sept.
8, 1931, Bryant, Lot 263; 1 $ , Abisko, Lpl., Sweden, 15.VI.1951,
J. R. Vockeroth; and 1 8, Europe?, Muonio, Palmen, 11, 46137.
Genus RHINONAPAEA Wirth
Rhinonapaea Wirth, 1965a: 59-60. Type-species, Parydra metallica Cole
(orig. des.).
Parydra Stenhammar (partim). Cole 1921:176-177; Malloch 1923:222.
Napaea Robineau-Desvoidy (partim). Cresson 1949:234; Sturtevant and
Wheeler 1954:220.
The type-species, thus far the only species of Rhinonapaea, was
originally described by Cole ( 1921 ) as a species of the genus Parydra
and this placement of metallica was followed by Malloch (1923).
Later Cresson (1949) placed metallica in the subgenus Chaetoap-
naea of the genus Napaea, and Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) only
mention that N. metallica seems to better agree with their subgenus
Parydra.
Wirth (1965a), with whom we fully agree, described the genus
Rhinonapaea with metallica as the only known species. The senior
author believes that on the basis of wing venation, head setae, and
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
110 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
genitalic structure metallica should be placed within a distinct genus
as Wirth (1965a) has done.
Diagnosis. — Head when viewed in profile, with anterior oral margin ex-
tending beyond antennal bases; facial protuberance (carina) about midway
from antennal bases to anterior oral margin, large, and extending to or slightly
beyond anterior oral margin; oral margin without setae; arista well-developed;
orbital and ocellar setae present; orbital setae large, subequal in length to
either inner or exterior vertical setae; parafacial setae present, first pair longer
than others. Wings with costa reaching M 1+2 ; anterior crossvein (r-m)
located directly below junction of R x and costa, and/or anterior crossvein
intercepting R 4 _|_ 5 at 1/5 or less of distance from the junction of R 4 _|_ 5 and
R 2+3 to costa; costal section from R x to R 2+3 3.1 to 3.9 times distance from
R 2+ 3 to R 4 _|_ 5 .
Description. — See R. metallica species description since the genus is
monotypic!
Rhinonapaea metallica (Cole)
Parydra metallica Cole, 1921:176-177; Malloch 1923:222.
Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) metallica (Cole), Cresson 1949:234.
Napaea metallica (Cole), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:220.
Rhinonapaea metallica (Cole), Wirth 1965a: 61.
Type. — This species was apparently described from a single
male specimen, the holotype, from St. George Isd., Alaska, VL28.20,
G. D. Hanna deposited in the collection of the California Academy
of Sciences.
Diagnosis. — Monotypic genus!
Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.96 to 3.50 mm; shining black
with sparse golden to coppery pruinosity. Head shining black with sparse
golden to coppery pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.58 to 0.71 mm;
ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocel-
lar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes
red, oval; vertex with sparse coppery pruinosity; 1 large pair of convergent,
inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post-
orbitals and occipitals very small; gena with coppery pruinosity; face with
sparse golden to coppery pruinosity; facial carina very large, protruding for-
ward beyond oral margin when head is viewed in profile; facial depressions
large and long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 very large pair
and 2 very small pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with sparse golden to
coppery pruinosity; mouthparts black with golden to coppery pruinosity, sev-
eral pairs of small setae on prementum. Antennae very dark, black with
coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose.
Thorax shining black with sparse golden to coppery pruinosity, no spots
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 1 1 1
or stripes; scutum length 0.75 to 0.85 mm; many small acrostichal and dorso-
central setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; no humeral setae; posthumeral
setae short and fine; presuturals short and fine, 1 pair larger than others; 2
very large pairs of notopleurals, subequal in length; 1 very large pair of pos-
terior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with sparse golden to ooppery
pruinosity; 1 very large pair of mesopleural setae; 1 very large pair of sterno-
pleural setae; sternum with sparse golden to ooppery pruinosity; katepisternal
spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 178) shining black with sparse golden to cop-
pery pruinosity; length 0.31 to 0.37 mm; apical process, apical and lateral
tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae very large. Legs uniformly
shining black with sparse golden to coppery pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with
long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 4 or 5
large, black anterior setae at apex; metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster
of black setae and a yellow posterior comb at apex. Wing (Fig. 221) uni-
formly clouded, without darkened areas around crossveins or white spots;
veins dark brown to black; length from humeral crossvein 2.28 to 2.65 mm;
width 0.99 to 1.26 mm; distance from h to R^ 0.48 to 0.65 mm; R x to R 2+3
1.33 to 1.60 mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.37 to 0.48 mm; R 4+5 to M 1+2 0.24 to
0.27 mm; length of R 4 + 5 1.63 to 2.01 mm; length of M 1+2 0.95 to 1.16 mm;
costal section from R x to R 2+3 3.2 to 3.9 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 ;
halteres very dark brown to black.
Abdomen as in Fig. 43; shining black with sparse golden to coppery
pruinosity; very long. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally; tergites 6, 7
and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 111. Note the long blade-like tergite 9
+ surstyli; narrow "U" shaped sternite 5; long, very slender, pointed gonites,
each with 2 pair of setae near middle on inner surface, fused posteriorly to
narrow gonal arch and connected anteriorly to sternite 6; aedeagus long,
pointed, with anterior opening near apex and posterior projection at enlarged
base, not fused to aedeagal apodeme.
FEMALE. — Total body length 3.30 to 3.88 mm. Head, thorax, legs
and wings as in males except where stated.
Head length 0.58 to 0.68 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.85 to 0.88 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to
0.37 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.52 to 2.75 mm; width 1.16 to
1.19 mm; distance from h to R x 0.58 to 0.68 mm; Rj to R 2+3 1.53 to 1.73
mm; R 2+3 to R 4+5 0.44 to 0.51 mm; R 4+5 to M 1 + 2 0.24 to 0.27 mm;
length of R 4+5 1.84 to 2.07 mm; length of M 1 + 2 0.99 to 1.16 mm; costal
section from R-l to R 2+3 3.1 to 3.6 times distance from R 2+3 to R 4+5 .
Abdomen as in Fig. 75. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 143.
Distribution. — Alaska and northwestern Canada (Fig. 232).
Specimens examined 182 specimens (91 S $ and 91 2 9),
including the holotype, collected from Alaska and the following:
Manitoba, Northwest Territory, and Yukon Territory. Collected
from May through September.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
112 the tribe parydrini
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PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 113
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MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
114 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
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PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 115
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MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
116 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
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PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
.OCELLI
117
ARISTA
ANTENNA
PTILINUM
PTILINAL SUTURE
PARAFACIAL SETAE
INFRAGENAL SETA
FACE
CLYPEUS
MAXILLARY PALPUS
LABRUM
MAXILLARY ENDUE
ANTERIOR LABIAL PLATE
OCELLAR TRIANGLE
POSTORBITAL SETAE
GENA
CERVICAL SCLERITE
TENTORIUM
FULCRUM
ARDO-STIPITAL ROD
PROXIMAL LABIAL PLATE
LABIAL LONCHUS
PREMENTUM
LABIAL PALPAL SCLERITE I
LABIAL PALPAL SCLERITE 2
PSEUDOTRACHEAE
0.5 mm.
SUBALARE
PRESCUTUM
POSTHUMERAL SETAE
PRESUTURAL SETAE
NOTOPLEURAL SETAE
HUMERUS
MESOTHORACIC SPIRACLE
PREALAR APOPHYSIS
MESOPLEURAL SETAE
PRE-EPISTERNUM I
KATEPISTERNUM I
ANEPISTERNUM II
COXA I
STERNOPLEURAL SETAE
PRE-EPISTERNUM II
ANEPIMERON II
KATEPISTERNUM II
COXA II
TROCHANTER II
/ACROSTIC HAL SETAE
,DORSOCENTRAL SETAE
-SCUTUM
^POSTERIOR INTRALAR SETA
-SCUTELLUM
APICAL SCUTELLAR SETA
LATERAL SCUTELLAR SETA
AXILLARY CORD
MEDIOTERGITE
HALTER
LATEROTERGITE
EPIMERON III
METATHORACIC SPIRACLE
KATEPIMERON II
ANEPISTERNUM III
COXA III
EPISTERNUM III
2
Figures 1-2 — General Morphology. — Fig. 1 — side view of the head of
Parydra quadrituberculata; Fig. 2 — side view of the thorax of Parydra
quadrituberculata.
118
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
PTILINAL SUTURE
PTILINUM
VERTEX
CERVICAL SCLERITE
FACE
ANTENNA
ARISTA
EYE
-ORBITAL SETAE
OCELLUS
OCELLAR SETA
INTEROCELLAR SETAE
EXTERIOR VERTICAL SETA
INNER VERTICAL SETA
OCELLAR TRIANGLE
POSTOCELLAR SETAE
.5 mm
PRESCUTUM
HUMERAL SETAE
HUMERUS
POSTHUMERAL SETAE
PRESUTURAL SETAE
NOTOPLEURAL SETAE
DORSOCENTRAL SETAE
ACROSTICHAL SETAE
POSTERIOR INTRALAR SETA
SCUTUM
PRESCUTELLAR SETA
SCUTELLUM
LATERAL TUBERCULE
LATERAL SCUTELLAR SETA
APICAL TUBERCULE
APICAL SCUTELLAR SETA
1 .0 mm.
PRE-EPISTERNUM I
HUMERUS
KATEPISTERNUM I
KATEPISTERNAL SPINE
COXA I
ANEPISTERNUM II
PRE-EPISTERNUM II
KATEPISTERNUM II
COXA II
ANEPIMERON II
KATEPIMERON II
EPISTERNUM III
ANEPISTERNUM III
HALTER
EPIMERON III
COXA III
SCUTELLUM
4 5
Figures 3-5 — General Morphology. — Fig. 3 — dorsal view of the head
of Parydra quadrituberculata; Fig. 4 — dorsal view of the thorax of Parydra
quadrituberculata; Fig. 5 — ventral view of the thorax of Parydra quadri-
tuberculata.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
119
OCELLAR SETA
OCELLUS
ORBITAL SETAE
ARISTA
PTILINUM
ANTENNA
PTILINAL SUTURE
TENTORIUM
PARAFACIAL SETAE
CERVICAL SCLERITE
FACE
.5 mm.
-CAP1TELLUM
FULCRUM
CLYPEUS
CARDO-STIPITAL ROD
PROXIMAL LABIAL PLATE
MAXILLARY PALPUS
MAXILLARY ENOITE
LABIAL LONCHUS
LABRUM
PREMENTUM
ANTERIOR LABIAL PLATE
LABIAL PALPAL SCLERITE I
LABIAL PALPAL SCLERITE 2
PSEUOOTRACHEAE
TARSI
1 .0 mm.
9
Figures 6-9 — General Morphology. — Fig. 6 — anterior view of the
head of Parydra quadrituberculata; Fig. 7 — view of the halter of Parydra
quadrituberculata; Fig. 8 — anterior view of the mouthparts of Parydra quad-
rituberculata; Fig. 9 — view of the legs of Parydra quadrituberculata.
120
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 10-19 — Male abdomens. — Fig. 10 — Parydra abbreviata; Fig.
11 — Parydra alpina; Fig. 12 — Parydra aquila tibialis; Fig. 13 — Parydra
aurata; Fig. 14 — Parydra breviceps; Fig. 15 — Parydra humilis; Fig. 16 —
Parydra imitans; Fig. 17 — Parydra penabbreviata; Fig. 18 — Parydra in-
commoda; Fig. 19 — Parydra lynetteae.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
121
31 7Z
Figures 20-33 — Male abdomens. — Fig. 20 — Parydra pinguis; Fig. 21
— Parydra quadrituberculata; Fig. 22 — Parydra transversa; Fig. 23 —
Parydra unituberculata; Fig. 24 — Parydra acuta; Fig. 25 — Parydra ap-
pendiculata; Fig. 26 — Parydra arctica; Fig. 27 — Parydra borealis; Fig.
28 — Parydra copis; Fig. 29 — Parydra hamata; Fig. 30 — Parydra hal-
ter -alls halter alls; Fig. 31 — Parydra lingulata; Fig. 32 — Parydra parasocia;
Fig. 33 — Parydra pauUula.
122 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 34-43 — Male abdomens. — Fig. 34 — Parydra pedalis; Fig. 35
— Parydra penisica; Fig. 36 — Parydra quadriloba; Fig. 37 — Parydra socia;
Fig. 38 — Parydra spinosa; Fig. 39 — Parydra succurva; Fig. 40 — Parydra
vulgaris; Fig. 41 — Callinapaea aldrichi; Fig. 42 — Eutaenionotum gutti-
pennis; Fig. 43 — Rhinonapaea metallica.
Figures 44-47 — Female abdomens. — Fig. 44 — Parydra abbreviata;
Fig. 45 — Parydra alpina; Fig. 46 — Parydra aquila aquila; Fig. 47 —
Parydra aurata.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
123
STERNITE 2
STERNITE 3
STERNITE 4
THRGnt 9 + SURSTYLF
CERCUS
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
124
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 48-63 — Female abdomens. — Fig. 48 — Parydra breviceps; Fig.
49 — Parydra humilis; Fig. 50 — Parydra imitans; Fig. 51 — Parydra in-
commoda; Fig. 52 — Parydra lynetteae; Fig. 53 — Parydra penabbreviata;
Fig. 54 — Parydra pinguis; Fig. 55 — Parydra quadrituberculata; Fig. 56 —
Parydra transversa; Fig. 57 — Parydra unituberculata; Fig. 58 — Parydra
vanduzeei; Fig. 59 — Parydra appendiculata; Fig. 60 — Parydra arctica;
Fig. 61 — Parydra borealis; Fig. 62 — Parydra hamata; Fig. 63 — Parydra
halteralis joaquinensis.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
125
76
CERCUS
/TCRGITE 9
t SURSTYLI
Figures 64-75 — Female abdomens. — Fig. 64 — Parydra lingulata; Fig.
65 — Parydra parasocia; Fig. 66 — Parydra paullula; Fig. 67 — Parydra
penisica; Fig. 68 — Parydra quadriloba; Fig. 69 — Parydra socia; Fig. 70
— Parydra succurva; Fig. 71 — Parydra vulgaris; Fig. 72: — Callinapaea
aldrichi; Fig. 73 — Callinapaea laurentiana; Fig. 74 — Eutaenionotum gutti-
pennis; Fig. 75 — Rhinonapaea metallica.
Figures 76-77 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 76 — Parydra abbreviata; Fig.
77 — Parydra aquila tibialis.
126
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
CEHCU5
TERGITE 9 * SUKTYLl
Figures 78-81 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 78 — Parydra alplna; Fig. 79 —
Parydra aurata\ Fig. 80 — Parydra breviceps\ Fig. 81 — Parydra humilis.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
127
Figures 82-84 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 82 — Parydra imitans; Fig. 83
Parydra incommoda; Fig. 84 — Parydra penabbreviata.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
128
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
ERCUS
EKG1TE 9 ♦ SUBSmi
Figures 85-87 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 85 — Parydra lynetteae; Fig. 86
Parydra pinguis; Fig. 87 — Parydra quadrituberculata.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
129
TEAGITE 9 * SURSTYU
Figures 88-90— Male genitalia. — Fig. 88— Parydra transversa; Fig.
89 — Parydra unituberculata; Fig. 90 — Parydra acuta.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
130
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
CERCUS
TERCITE 9 + SUHSTTLl
Figures 91-94 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 91 — Parydra appendiculata;
Fig. 92 — Parydra arctica; Fig. 93 — Parydra borealis; Fig. 94 — Parydra
borealis with tergite 9 + surstyli undivided.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
131
CEHCUS
TEAGITE 9 * SURSTYLI
CERCUS
TERGITE 9 + SUfiSTYU
AEOEAGAl APODINE
EDEAGUS
Figures 95-98 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 95 — Parydra copis; Fig. 96 —
Parydra halteralis joaquinensis; Fig. 97 — aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme of
Parydra halteralis halteralis; Fig. 98 — Parydra hamata.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
132
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
ERGITE 9 * SURSrVLI
Figures 99-102 — Male genitalia.- — Fig. 99 — Parydra lingulata; Fig.
100 — Parydra parasocia; Fig. 101 — Parydra paullula; Fig. 102 — Parydra
pedalis.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
133
Figures 103-105 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 103 — Parydra penisica; Fij
104 — Parydra quadriloba; Fig. 105 — Parydra socia.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
134
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
TERGITE 9 * SUKSTYU
AEDEAGAl APODEME
Figures 106-108 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 106 — Parydra spinosa; Fig.
107 — Parydra succurva; Fig. 108 — Parydra vulgaris.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
135
AEOEAGAL APOOEME
Figures 109-111 — Male genitalia. — Fig. 109 — Callinapaea aldrichi;
Fig. 110 — Eutaenionotum gutdpennis; Fig. Ill — Rhinonapaea metallica.
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
136
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 112-143 — Ventral receptacles.
Fig. 112 — Parydra abbreviata
Fig. 113 — Parydra alpina
Fig. 1 14 — Parydra aquila aquila
Fig. 115 — Parydra aurata
Fig. 116 — Parydra breviceps
Fig. 117 — Parydra humilis
Fig. 118 — Parydra imitans
Fig. 119 — Parydra incommoda
Fig. 120 — Parydra lynetteae
Fig. 121 — Parydra penabbreviata
Fig. 122 — Parydra pinguis
Fig. 123 — Parydra quadrituberculata
Fig. 1 24 — Parydra transversa
Fig. 125 — Parydra unituberculata
Fig. 126 — Parydra vanduzeei
Fig. 127 — Parydra appendiculata
Fig. 1 28 — Parydra arctica
Fig. 1 29 — Parydra borealis
Fig. 130 — Parydra halteralis
joaquinensis
Fig. 131 — Parydra hamata
Fig. 132 — Parydra lingulata
Fig. 133 — Parydra parasocia
Fig. 134 — Parydra paullula
Fig. 135 — Parydra penisica
Fig. 136 — Parydra quadriloba
Fig. 137 — Parydra socia
Fig. 138 — Parydra succurva
Fig. 139 — Parydra vulgaris
Fig. 140 — Callinapaea aldrichi
Fig. 141 — Callinapaea laurentiana
Fig. 1 42 — Eutaenionotum guttipennis
Fig. 143 — Rhinonapaea metallica
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
137
0.20 mm. 0.20 urn. 0'*° r
112 113 H4 115
116
0.20 nm. 0.10 r
117 118 119
0.10 mm. 0.20 mm. 0.20 i
135 136 137
139 140 141 142 143
138
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
138
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 144-178 — Scutelli.
Fig. 144-
Fig. 145
Fig. 146
Fig. 147 ■
Fig. 148
Fig. 149
Fig. 150
Fig. 151
Fig. 152
Fig. 153
Fig. 154
Fig. 155
Fig. 156
Fig. 157
Fig. 158
Fig. 159-
Fig. 160
Fig. 161
• Parydra
■ Parydra
■ Parydra
Parydra
Parydra
- Parydra
■ Parydra
Parydra
Parydra
■ Parydra
- Parydra
■ Parydra
lata
- Parydra
- Parydra
- Parydra
Parydra
- Parydra
- Parydra
abbreviata
alpina
aquila aquila
aurata
breviceps
humilis
i mi tans
incommoda
lynetteae
penabbreviata
pinguis
quadritubercu-
transversa
unitubercidata
acuta
appendiculata
arctica
borealis
Fig. 162 — Parydra copis
Fig. 1 63 — Parydra halteralis
joaquinensis
Fig. 164 — Parydra hamata
Fig. 165 — Parydra lingulata
Fig. 166 — Parydra parasocia
Fig. 167 — Parydra paullula
Fig. 168 — Parydra pedal is
Fig. 169 — Parydra penisica
Fig. 170 — Parydra quadriloba
Fig. 171 — Parydra socia
Fig. 172 — Parydra spinosa
Fig. 173 — Parydra succurva
Fig. 174 — Parydra vulgaris
Fig. 175 — Callinapaea aldrichi
Fig. 176 — Callinapaea laurentiana
Fig. 1 77 — Eutaenionotum guttipennis
Fig. 178 — Rhinonapaea metallica
Figures 179-184 — Miscellaneous illustrations.
Fig. 179 — head of Parydra copis
Fig. 1 80 — femur of Parydra aquila tibialis
Fig. 181 — femur of Parydra incommoda
Fig. 182 — metatibial base and first tarsal segment of leg of Parydra socia
Fig. 183 — metatibial base and first tarsal segment of leg of Parydra parasocia
Fig. 1 84 — wing showing typical wing venation of a fly of the genus Parydra
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
139
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
140 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 185-205 — Wings. — Fig. 185 — Parydra abbreviata; Fig. 186
— Parydra alpina; Fig. 187 — Parydra aquila aquila; Fig. 188 — Parydra
aquila papulata; Fig. 189 — Parydra aquila tibialis; Fig. 190 — Parydra
aurata; Fig. 191 — Parydra breviceps; Fig. 192 — Parydra humilis; Fig.
193 — Parydra imitans; Fig. 194 — Parydra incommoda; Fig. 195 — Pary-
dra lynetteae; Fig. 196 — Parydra penabbreviata; Fig. 197 — Parydra
pinguis; Fig. 198 — Parydra quadrituberculata; Fig. 199 — Parydra trans-
versa; Fig. 200 — Parydra unituberculata; Fig. 201 — Parydra acuta; Fig.
202 — Parydra appendiculata; Fig. 203 — Parydra arctica; Fig. 204 —
Parydra borealis: Fig. 205 — Parydra copis.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
141
205
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
142 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 206-221 — Wings; Figure 222 — Eggs. — Fig. 206 — Parydra
halteralis; Fig. 207 — Parydra hamata; Fig. 208 — Parydra lingulata; Fig.
209 — Parydra parasocia; Fig. 210 — Parydra paullula; Fig. 211 — Parydra
pedalis; Fig. 212 — Parydra penisica; Fig. 213 — Parydra quadriloba; Fig.
214 — Parydra socia; Fig. 215 — Parydra spinosa; Fig. 216 — Parydra suc-
curva; Fig. 217 — Parydra vulgaris; Fig. 218 — Callinapaea aldrichi; Fig.
219 — Callinapaea laurentiana; Fig. 220 — Eutaenionotum guttipennis; Fig.
221 — Rhinonapaea metallica; Fig. 222 — Parydra egg masses, probably of
Parydra aquila aquila.
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
143
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
144 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures
223-226 — Distribution maps.
Fig. 223-
— Parydra aquila aquila
Fig. 224-
— Parydra breviceps
Parydra aquila papulata
Fig. 225-
— Parydra quadriloba
Parydra transversa
Parydra unituberculata
Parydra aquila tibialis
Fig. 226-
— Parydra copis
Parydra pedalis
Parydra lingulata
Parydra quadrituberculata
Parydra halteralis halteralis
Parydra halteralis joaquinensis
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
145
P. AQUILA AQUILA
P. BREVICEPS
P. AQUILA PAPULATA
-:."-.
P. QUADRILOBA
P. TRANSVERSA
P. UNITU8ERCULATA
P. AQUILA TIBIALIS
P. LINGULATA
P. QUAORITUBERCULATA
P. HALTERAUS HALTERALIS
P. HALTERALIS JOAQUINENSIS 226
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
146 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 227-230 — Distribution maps.
Fig. 227 — Parydra pinguis
Parydra imitans
Parydra lynetteae
Parydra incommoda
Fig. 228 — Parydra aurata
Parydra abbreviata
Eutaenionotum guttipennis
Fig. 229 — Parydra acuta
Parydra arctica
Parydra appendiculata
Fig. 230 — Parydra hamata
Parydra succurva
Parydra penisica
Parydra parasocia
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
147
P. ACUTA
P. ARCTICA
P. APPENOICULAIA
P. AURATA
P. ABSREVIAIA
EUTAENIONOTUM CUIIIPENN1S
P. HAMAIA
P. SUCCURVA
P. PENISICA
P. PARASOCIA
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
148 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Figures 231-234- — Distribution maps.
Fig. 231 — Parydra humilis
Fig. 232 — Parydra alpina
Parydra penabbreviata
Rhinonapaea me tallica
Callinapaea aldrichi
Fig. 233 — Parydra socia
Parydra vanduzeei
Parydra paullula
Fig. 234 — Parydra spinosa
Parydra borealis
Parydra vulgaris
Callinapaea laurentiana
PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK
149
231
P. ALP1NA
P. PENABBREVIAIA
RHINONAPAEA METALLICA
CALUNAPAEA ALDRICHI
•T^^t^
P. SOCIA
P. VANOUZEEI
P. PAUllULA
P. SPINOSA
P. BOREALIS
P. VULGARIS
CALUNAPAEA LAURENTIANA
MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC, 27
150
THE TRIBE PARYDRINI
Index
Synonyms in italics, new species in boldface
abbreviata, Parydra (Parydra), 31
acuta, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 66
aldrichi, Callinapaea, 102
alpina, Parydra (Parydra), 33
appendiculata, Parydra (Chaetoap-
naea), 68
aquila, Parydra (Parydra), 35
aquila aquila, Parydra (Parydra), 38
aquila papulata, Parydra (Parydra),
39
aquila tibialis, Parydra (Parydra), 40
arctica, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 69
aurata, Parydra (Parydra), 41
bituberculata, Parydra, 38
bituberculata bituberculata, Napaea
(Parydra), 38
bituberculata nitida, Napaea
{Parydra), 38
bituberculata papulata, Napaea
(Parydra), 39
borealis, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 72
breviceps, Parydra (Parydra), 43
breviceps breviceps, Napaea
(Napaea), 43
breviceps vicina, Napaea (Napaea), 43
copis, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 74
guttipennis, Eutaenionotum, 107
halteralis, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 76
halteralis halteralis, Parydra
(Chaetoapnaea), 77
halteralis joaquinensis, Parydra
(Chaetoapnaea), 79
hamata, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 79
hulli, Napaea, 31
humeralis, Parydra, 46
humilis, Parydra (Parydra), 46
imitans, Parydra (Parydra), 48
incommoda, Parydra (Parydra), 50
laurentiana, Callinapaea, 105
limpidipennis, Parydra, 43
lingulata, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 81
lynetteae, Parydra (Parydra), 52
metallica, Rhinonapaea, 110
nitida, Parydra, 38
papulata, Parydra, 39
parasocia, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 83
parva, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 99
paullula, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 85
pedalis, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 87
penabbreviata, Parydra (Parydra), 53
penisica, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 88
pinguis, Parydra (Parydra), 55
quadriloba, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea),
90
quadrituberculata, Parydra (Parydra),
57
socia, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 92
spinosa, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 94
succurva, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 95
tibialis, Parydra, 40
transversa, Parydra (Parydra), 59
trituberculata, Napaea (Napaea), 48
unituberculata, Parydra (Parydra), 61
vanduzeei, Parydra (Parydra), 63
varia, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 100
vicina, Parydra, 43
vulgaris, Parydra (Chaetoapnaea), 97
yukonensis, Napaea (Chaetoapnaea),
107
Memoirs of the American Entomological Society
An n i . by students <>f in their
respective subjects.
1. The Cresson I ypes of II $6.00.
3. A \ I Study of the . with Keys for the
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4. The Blattidae of Panama. Morgan Hebard. 1920. $3.00.
5. The Type, of Hyi in the Academy
other than those of Ezra T. Cresson. Ezra T. c 928. $2.00.
6. Revision of the li and Central America (Coleoj
Ezekicl Rivnay. 1929. $2.00.
7. A Revision of the Dipterous I amily I in the United
8. I he l tral America. James A. O. Rehn
and John W. H. Rehn. 1934. $2.50.
9. The Generic Names of the ! Wasps and their type species. V. S. L
Pate. 1937. $2.50.
10. A Revision of the North American species belonging to the genus Pegomyia.
H. C. Huckett. 1941. $3.00.
11. < a, nl re< on of the Nearctk I >idae. Henry K.
Towncs. Jr. 1944. $15.00.
13. i lae of North America ( era). Annette i Hi m. 1948.
$4.50.
14. < lion of the Blattariu as Wings (() i). John
W. H. Rehn. 1951. $5.00.
15. The Neoti ol the i" sensu Selysii 1883 ('
nata). Philip P. Calvert. 1956. $10.00.
16. AT. Study of the North American Licinini with Notes on the Old
World Species of the Genus Diplocheila ). George
1959. $10.00.
17. A Taxonomic Study of the Milliped Family lae (Diplopoda: Spiro-
bolida). William T. Keeton. I960. $5.50.
18. The Genus Bucculatrix in America North ol Mi • o (M t). Ann-
ette F. Braun. 1963. $8.50.
19. The Butterflies of Liberia. Richard M. Fox, Arthur W. Lindsey, Jr., Harry K.
Clench, and Lee D. Miller. 1965. $12.50.
20. A Revision of the Mexican and < i nti >l Ai
Pompilinae (. era: Pompilidae). Ho
21. A I . s rv< v of Hie Se
(Coleoptera: Eric G. Matthe.
22. A Monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera) Part
Fox. Richard M. Fox. 1967. $9.00.
23. A List of New North American SpiJers, i
$9.00.
24. The Higher ( I
s of the Subfamily
, 1966. $12.50.
»e of the A
(1
op
25. The S
Spc
26. A Taxonomic Revision of the An
of North Amciica. Janus R.
27. A Revision of the N s of the T;
dae). Philip J. Clausen and I dwin F. (
In making inquiries relative to is, i.
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOC
940-1966. Beatrice K. Vogel. 1967.
ihy of tl
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